Lecture 1: Bones, joints, ligaments Flashcards
What do we need to study movement
Understand relations/positions in space
= need common frame of reference
What do relations depend on
Position in space
= need common starting position
Describe change of position
Movement
Can occur in diff directions and use diff muscles
Diff planes
Need a common coordinate system
Describe anatomical position
Starting position of human body
When discussing position orientation or movement of structures or parts of body
= standing up
Feet/toes pointing forwards
Arms at sides, palms facing forward
Eyes forward - head neutral
Describe anatomical planes and axes
Since body 3d = can divide body along 3 orthogonal planes - perpendicular to each other - with axes running perpendicularly through them
Name the 3 anatomical planes
Sagittal
Coronal
Transverse
Describe Sagittal plane
Divides body into left and right halves
Along transverse axis
Describe coronal plane
Divides body into ant front and post back halves
Along sagittal axis
Describe transverse plane
Divides body into sup and inf halves at navel
Along longitudinal axis
Describe relative location
Planes/aces allow us to define the relagiove location of anatomical structures
Describe med lat
Medial = towards sagittal plane
Lateral = away sagittal plane
Thumb lat to pinky
Describe dorsal post vs ventral ant
Dorsal back post
Ventral ant stomach
Along coronal plane
Ear post to nose
Describe sup cranial bus inf caudal
Sup cranial skull
Inf caudal tail
Along transverse plane
Shoulder sup to hand
Describe proximal vs distal
Used in limbs
Pros = closer to trunk or origin
Distal = further away from trunk or origin, towards extremity
Elbow distal to shoulder, elbow proximal to wrist
Describe superficial vs deep
Superficial = closure to skin
Deep = further away form skin closer to bone
Femur deep to recuts femoris
What makes lever systems
Bones
Joints and muscles
What is a lever system
Consists of rigid beam - lever
That can rotate about a fixed point - centre of rotation or fulcrum- when forces applied
Point of lever system
In order to move big object
Apply one force in order to move another
Describe msk lever system
Levers = bones
Centers of rotation = joints
Forces applied =external (gravity, friction, doctor applying force), internal (muscular, counters ext force)
Describe forces in lever systems
Forces applied generate torques - trendy to rotate around joint
Aka movements
Whertehr lever rotates around centre depends on balance of internal and external torques
Determines movements
Overcomes /resist force
What does torque depend on
Forces and distances at which they are applied
Describe bones as levers
Rigid levers that allow internal forces from muscles to be transferred elsewhere to resist or overcome external forces and generate movement
Beam must be hard = bone, translate force over fulcrum
Describe bone roles
Many important physiological roles = hematopoiesis = make RBcs
Rigid levers
Describe bicep - bones as levers ex
Bones translate= from where force berated to where want to aact
Flexion = biceps contraction = internal force, generates torque, radius/ulna = lever, dumbbell weight = external force
Describe if floppy radius/ulna (Harry Potter)
Force wasted, no matter how much torque generates
Describe nomenclature of bones
Skeleton = system
Bone = tissue or individual element
Bone as tissue = most rigid part of skeleton, but Skeleton also includes soft ct like ligaments
Focus = bones as organs
Describe vertebrate skeleton
Divided into 2 main parts = each has many bones, broad division then divided by morphology
How many bones in human body
206
Describe axial skeleton
Defining feature of vertebrates
Skull, vert column, ribs and sternum
Describe appendicular skeleton
In terrestrial vertebrates, comprised of pectoral girdle (belt), pelvic girdle, upper limb Skelton andf lower limb Skelton
Describe long bones
Long
Slender
Tubular
Associated with limbs more
Ex= humerus, tibia
Describe short bones
Short
Cuboid
Ex= carpals and tarsals
Describe sesamoid bones
Round/oval
Develop in tendons
Ex= patella, kneecap
Others = in hands and feet
Particular bone = develop within tendon, embedded entirely in tendon
Describe flat bones
Ex = bones of skull = neurocrnaium
Describe irregular bones
Do not fit into other categories
Complex shapes, notches or ridged surfaces
Ex = vertebrae, scapula, pelvis
Describe bone features
Bones have complex shape and features that reflect each bones unique function as levers
Most features = enhance lever systems and or provide attachment surfaces for muscles and other ct
Define foramen
Opening or hole
Passage through a bone
Define Fossa
Follow or depressed area, a shallow depression in bone
Flat- for muscle attachment
Define Groove/sulcus
Long depression/indentation in a bone
Define Facet
Smooth /flat articulate surface
Define Condyle
Smooth
Rounded articulate Surface at end of a bone - Latin for knuckle
Define epicondyle
Projection above condole = serves as surface for attachment of ligament/tendon
Define Process
Improve lever efficiency
Outgrowth or bony projection
Diff types of generally the same thing = process, tubercle, tuberosity
Define Tubercle
Smaller
Modular eminence or outgrowth often for articulation or muscular attachment
Diff types of generally the same thing = process, tubercle, tuberosity
Define Tuberosity
Even smaller and shallower
Large/long, but shallow, eminence or ridge bony surface, rough bumpy feel
Diff types of generally the same thing = process, tubercle, tuberosity
Name features of cervical vertebra c4
Superior articular facet
Spinous process
Transverse Foramen
Name features of right scapula
Coracoid process
Subscapualr fossa = ventral surface of scapula
Name features of right humerus
Greater and lesser tubercle
Deltoid tuberosity = where muscle inserts
Bicipital groove = intertubercualr sulcus, bicep tendon here
Lateral condyle= knuckle, convex, fits into concave shape, reciprocal
Coronoid fossa
Medial epicondyle, above/near condyle
Describe joints
Articulation or arthrosis
Site where 2 or more skeletal elements come together
Name 2 types of joints
Solid joints
Snyovial joints = most
Describe solid joints
Bones are linked by ct (tough)
With limited or no mobility = no motion almost
Name types of solid joints
Fibrous solid joints
Cartilaginous solid joints
Describe fibrous solid joints
Only fibrous ct between
Name ex of fibrous solid joints
Suture of skull
Gomphosis = teeth anchored to maxilla or mandible, periodontal ligament keeps it together
Interosseous membrane = syndesmosis = fastened with band, tibio fibulae joint, tough ct sheet, thick band, jeeps 2 bones together
Describe cartilaginous solid joints
Cartilage involved
Give examples of cartilaginous solid joints
Synchondrosis = bone cartilage bone (1st sternocostal) or bone cartilage = Costochondral
Symphysis = bone ribrocatrilage bone = cartilage and fibrous ct, intervertebral disks and pubic sumphysis
DESCRIbe synovial joints
As centers of rotation
Most common joint in body
Makes movement possible
Name the 4 universal components of synovial joints
Articulation cartilages
Joint capsule = synvovial fluid, sybovial membrane, fibrous capsule
Describe articular cartilages of synvoial joints
Reciprocal surfaces of 2 or more bones
+/- closely fitting depending on joints
Normally smooth/glassy
Articular facets/surfaces = closeness
Defines stability
Describe synovial fluid of synvoial joints
Viscous
Lubricates joint surfaces and provides nutrients to articular cartilage
Ensure smooth gliding and nutrients / immune factors
Describe synovial membrane of synvoial joints
Contains cels that produce synovial fluid
Vasculature
Nerves
Describe fibrous capsule of synvoial joints
Outer fibrous membrane
Often with local thickenings= ligaments
Describe degenerative joint disease - synovial joints
Like osteoarthritis
Progressive loss of articular cartilage
Over time = scrapes away cartilage, cartilage worn down to bone
Stability depends on how well they fit into each other
Name 4 accessory components of synovial joints
Ligaments
Articular disks
Bursae
Synovial sheaths
Describe ligaments - accessory components of synovial joints
Local thickening of the fibrous capsule
Increase joint stability
Describe articular disks - accessory components of synovial joints
Iike knee meniscus
Fibrocartilage
Improve congruence of joint surfaces = help match
Describe bursae - accessory components of synovial joints
Fluid filled
Between joint and surrounding tissues (skin, soft tissues), reduce friction and help glide
In knee and shoulder
Describe synovial sheaths - accessory components of synovial joints
Around tendons that cross the joints
Reduce friction
Filled with synovial fluid
Helps glide past joint capsule while reducing friction
Are joint capsules v tight around joint - synovial joints
Nawwwwww
Extra spaces and folds
Joint capsules can be spacious to allow increased range of motion without stretching membranes
What are ligaments
Bands of collagen rich fibrous ct
Span across joints
Between 2 or more bones
Often - not always - thickened regions of fibrous joint capsule
Name 3 functions of ligaments
Stability and strengthen joints = keep bones closely packed
Limit joint movement in certain directions
Prevent distraction of the joint surfaces or dislocation
Describe carpal ligaments
8 carpal bones and many carpal ligaments
Stabilize and strengthen joints
To hold in place and maximized how much surfaces touch
= to dissipate load over greater surface area
Describe cruiciate and collateral ligaments of knee
Lateral collateral lig, medial collateral lig = limit mediolateral translation
Posterior crucial lig and anterior cruciate lig = limit axial rotation and anteroposterior translation of tibia to move back and forth on femur
LIMIT JOINT movement
DESCRIBE GLENOHUMERAL LIGAMENTS
Coracohumeral and glenohumeral lineaments
Make up individual ligaments = individual thickenings of fibrous capsule
Prevent dislocation
Prevent distraction
Describe joint geometries
Diff types of joints - geometries have diff ranges of motion = rom
Can span from a single to all 3 spatial axes
Name joint geometries from least to most movement rom
Planar
Unixial = pivot, hinge
Biaxial = saddle, condyloid (ellipsoid)
Multiaxial
Describe planar joint geometry
No rotation
Plane/gliding, small amount
Ex= acromioclavicular joint, intervertebral disks
Describe uni axial joint geometry
Around one axis only
Pivot = ex: humeroradial joint
Hinge = ex: elbow (humeroulnar joint)
Describe biaxial joint geometry
Saddle = more stable, one convex, one concave
Ex= thumb carpo-metacarpal joint, sternoclavicular joint
Condyloid = cup shape, with ball inside, flat, both convex, slips around more
Ex= knee, wrist
Describe multi axial joint geometry
Around all 3 axes
Most mobility
Ex= hip, shoulder
BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
What is special about bi and multi axial joint geometries
Can combine to get more motion
Also move about their axes and various combos
Describe flexion
Movement to decrease angle between 2 body parts
Describe extension
Opposite of flexion
Increase angle
Describe Abduction
Movement away from midline
Median plane = trunk
Increase angle
Describe Adduction
Opposite abd
Movement towards midline
Decrease angle
Describe Medial rotation
In anatomical position
Rotation of ant surface towards median plane
Around longitudinal axis
Hip and shoulder = ball and socket joints, mostly axial rotation here
Ex = rotate hip= moves foot, hip does med/lat rotation
Describe lateral rotation
Opposite of medial rotation
Around longitudinal axis
Describe circumduction
Combo of flexion extension and abduction adduction
Go in circle
Any combo of motions
Biaxial joint
Flexion/extension in what plane
Parasagittal plane
Describe movement in coronal plane
Add and abd
Describe fingers
Middle finger = midline
Middle finger = adduction in both directions
Med lat what plane
Transverse plane
