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ANAT 314 > Lecture 15: Leg and foot pt2 > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Leg and foot pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name arches of foot

A

Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch

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2
Q

What are arch functions

A

Load absorption - cushion weight
Increases rigidity for propulsion - stiffen foot
Some energy storage - when stretch, when foot arches recoil = energy returned to us

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3
Q

What does each arch have

A

Has a keystone tarsal - a bone at apex of the arch that helps maintain its shape
Prevents collapsing - provides stability, sit at top/Apex kinda

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4
Q

Keystone for medial longitudinal arch

A

Talus

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5
Q

Keystone for lateral longitudinal arch

A

Cuboid

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6
Q

Keystone for transverse arch

A

Intermediate cuneiform

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7
Q

Name ligaments for arches of foot soft tissues - longitudinal arch support

A

Spring ligament
Long plantar ligament
Plantar aponeurosis
Takes in energy and can return it

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8
Q

Name ligaments for arches of foot soft tissues - transverse arch support

A

Tendon of Tibialis posterior and Fibualris longus
Dynamic stability - bc can contract, support and absorb load

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9
Q

What supports arches

A

Arches receive passive support from ligaments and dynamic/active stability from muscles of leg and intrinsic foot

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10
Q

Name muscles of dorsum of foot

A

Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis

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11
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis attachments

A

Calcaneus to tendons of extensor digitorum longus on digits 2-4

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12
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis functions

A

Extension of metatarsal phalangeal joints and proximal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-4

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13
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis attachments

A

Calcaneus- with extensor digtorum brevis to proximal phalanx of hallux

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14
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis fucntions

A

Extension of hallux at metatarsalphalangeal joints

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15
Q

Describe how extensor hallucis and digitorum brevis pass through ankle

A

Pass under superior and inferior extensor retinacula
2 brevis msucles are synergists with their respective longus muscles
But without actions at ankle joint

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16
Q

Describe intrinsic msucles - sole of foot - all layers

A

Sole - plantar surface of foot consists of 4 layers of msucles located deep to plantar aponeurosis/fascia - underneath
Layer 1 = 3 components
Layer 2 = 4 components
Layer 3 = 3 components
Layer 4 = 4 components
Components = musclotendinous units

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17
Q

Describe plantar aponeurosis

A

Aka plantar fascia
Tough fascial sheet on plantar surface of the foot, anchored to calcaneus and metatarsal heads- also provides passive support to medial longitudinal arch
Maintain longitudinal arches, absorb energy

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18
Q

Describe clinical correlate for plantar aponeurosis

A

Can lead to inflammation - of plantar fascia at its attachment to calcaneus
Common in athletes who perform exercises with frequent heel striking and individuals who are obese bc load with more weight repetively

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19
Q

Describe 1st layer instrinsic plantar muscles

A

3 msucles = abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi

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20
Q

Describe tendons of intrinsic plantar muscles 1st layer

A

Tendon of flexor digitorum brevis splits to let the tendon of flexor digitorum longus to pass through to distal phalanx

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21
Q

Attachments flexor digitorum brevis

A

Calcaneus to middle phalanx toes 2-5

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22
Q

fucntions flexor digitorum brevis

A

Flexion of lateral 4 toes at metatarsal phalangeal joints and proximal interphalangeal joints
Synergists to flexor digitorum longus

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23
Q

Attachments abductor digiti minimi

A

Calcaneus o lateral base of proximal phalanx 5

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24
Q

fucntions abductor digiti minimi

A

Abduction of metatarsal phalangeal 5

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25
Q

Attachments abductor hallucis

A

Calcaneus to medial base of proximal phalanx 1

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26
Q

fucntions abductor hallucis

A

Abduction of metatarsal phalangeal 1

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27
Q

Describe 2nd layer of instrinsic plantar muscles/tendons

A

2 msucles
2 tendons

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28
Q

Describe quadatrus plantae attachments

A

Calcaneus to common part of flexor digitorum longus

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29
Q

Describe quadatrus plantae functions

A

Assist and offset oblique pull of flexor digitorum longus
(Redirect force bc flexor digitorum longus pulls all these joints over to medial side = which we don’t want to happen )

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30
Q

Describe lumbricals attachment

A

Flexor digitorum longus tendon to extensor hood on toes 2-3

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31
Q

Describe lumbricals fucntion

A

Metatarsal phalangeal flexion - change direction, plantar
Interphalangeal extension - dorsal surface

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32
Q

Describe 3rd layer intrinsic plantar msucles

A

3 msucles

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33
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis attachments

A

Medial and lateral heads
From cuboid/cuneiforms to medial/lateral base of proximal phalanx 1

34
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis Actions

A

Flex metatarsal phalangeal 1

35
Q

Flexor digiti minimi brevis attchemnts

A

Base metatarsal 5 to base of proximal phalanx 5

36
Q

Flexor digiti minimi brevis functions

A

Flex metatarsal phalangeal 5
- compliment slip of flexor digitroum longus

37
Q

Adductor Hallucis attachments

A

From lateral metatarsals - transverse head and long plantar ligament - oblique head
To lateral base of proximal phalanx 1 - they come together

38
Q

Adductor Hallucis Functions

A

Adductor metatarsal phalangeal 1
Help maintains transverse arch
(Evolutionary history - do not have opposable big toe anymore)

39
Q

What is long plantar ligament

A

Tendon of 3 muscles= flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis

40
Q

Describe 4th layer intrinsic plantar msucles

A

2 muscles - both attach to 2nd toe, and 2nd toe always abducts - midline
2 tendons

41
Q

Describe tendons of 4th layer + FUCNTIONS

A

Fibularis longus tendon
Tibialis posterior tendon
= help maintain transverse plantar arch

42
Q

Describe plantar interossei attachments

A

3x
Metatarsal shafts 3-5 to medial base of proximal phalanges 3-5

43
Q

Describe plantar interossei functions

A

Adduct toes 3-5
Towards second toe

44
Q

PAD

A

Plantar adduction of toes 3-5

45
Q

Describe dorsal interossei attachments

A

4x
Metatarsal shafts 1-5 to base of proximal phalanges 2-4

46
Q

Describe dorsal interossei action

A

Abduct toes 2-4

47
Q

DAB

A

Dorsal abduction of toes 2-4

48
Q

WHAT INNERVATES LEG AND FOOT

A

Tibial nerve - l5-s3
Branch sciatic

49
Q

DESCRIBE TIBIAL NERVE - branches

A

In sole after medial malleolus splits into medial plantar and lateral plantar nerve - to sole foot muscles

50
Q

INNERVation gastrocnemius

A

Tibial nerve L5-S3

51
Q

Innervation soleus

A

Tibial nerve L5-S3

52
Q

Innervation Plantaris

A

Tibial nerve L5-S3

53
Q

Innervation Tibialis posterior

A

Tibial nerve L5-S3

54
Q

Innervation flexor hallucis longus

A

Tibial nerve L5-S3

55
Q

Innervation flexor digitorum longus

A

Tibial nerve L5-S3

56
Q

Describe lateral plantar nerve motor

A

Adductor hallucis - 7 shaped msucle, wraps around and innervated this msucle
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals to 3,4,5
Both digit minimi muscles
Interosseous
(More lateral msucles but not super defined)

57
Q

Describe medial plantar nerve motor

A

abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Medial lumbrical - to 2
(More medial msucles but not super defined)

58
Q

Describe lateral plantar nerve sensory

A

Lateral aspect up to ball anf pinky toe

59
Q

Describe medial plantar nerve Sensory

A

Sole of foot - ball under big toe and tips of toe

60
Q

Describe common fibualr nerve

A

Branch sciatic
Common fibular - L2-S4 - WRAPS to anterior side and then splits into deep fibular and superficial Fibular nerve

61
Q

Describe deep fibular nerve

A

Motor to anterior compartment of leg
Also to dorsum of foot

62
Q

Innervation Tibialis anterior

A

Deep fibular nerve

63
Q

Innervation extensor hallucis longus

A

Deep fibular nerve

64
Q

Innervation extensor digitorum longus

A

Deep fibular nerve

65
Q

Innervation Fibualris tertius

A

Deep fibular nerve

66
Q

Describe superficial fibular nerve

A

Motor to lateral compartment of leg

67
Q

What innervates Fibualris longus and brevis

A

Superficial fibular nerve

68
Q

Innervation extensor hallucis brevis

A

Deep fibular nerve

69
Q

Innervation extensor digitorum brevis

A

Deep fibular nerve

70
Q

Describe sensory innervation of leg and foot

A

Femoral nerve —> sapphenous to medial leg
Sural nerves = sensory from distal branches sciatic to posterior and lateral leg, also to pinky toe
Tibial nerve — plantar nerves = sole of foot
Superficial fibular nerve = dorsum of foot
Deep fibualr nerve = small portion inbetween digits 1-2

71
Q

Describe popliteal artery

A

Popliteal gives off genicular arteries
Terminates and becomes 2 terminal branches = posterior and anterior tibial arteries

72
Q

Describe posterior tibial artery

A

Blood supply to posterior compartment of leg
Branches off to give Fibular artery

73
Q

Describe anterior tibial artery

A

Blood supply to anterior compartment of leg - through hole in interosseus membrane

74
Q

Describe fibular artery

A

Branch blood supply to post/lat - mostly lateral compartment of leg

75
Q

Describe bundles of vascular supply to leg

A

Posterior tibial artery runs with tibial nerev
Anterior tibial artery runs with deep fibular nerve

76
Q

Describe dorsum vascular supply

A

Anterior tibial artery passes under extensor retinacula
Continuation fo anterior tibial nerve = dorsalis pedis artery
Arcuate arch
Dorsal metatarsal and digital arteries

77
Q

Describe vascular supply of sole fo foot

A

Posterior tibial artery branches into lateral plantar artery and medial plantar artery
Plantar arch - lateral plantar artery ducks under this
Plantar metatarsal and digital arteries

78
Q

Where do plantar neurovascular structures travel

A

Plantar neurovasculature structures travel mainly in 2nd layer of the foot
Need to reflect flexor digitorum brevis

79
Q

Describe tarsal tunnel

A

Pass as bundle
Tendons, vasculature and nerves running posterior to medial malleolus deep to flexor retinaculum (medial malleolus to calcaneus)

80
Q

Tarsal tunnel contents

A

Anterior to posterior
TOM = Tibialis posterior
DICK = flexor Digitorum longus
AND = posterior tibial Artery
VERY = posterior tibial Vein
NERVOUS = tibial Nerve
HARRY = flexor Hallucis longus

81
Q

Describe tendons of 2nd intrinsic plantar layer

A

Flexor hallucis longus tendon
Flexor digitorum longus tendon

ANAT 314 (27 decks)

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