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ANAT 314 > Lab 1: MSK systems and basic biomechanics > Flashcards

Lab 1: MSK systems and basic biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What is hip joint

A

Ball and socket joint

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2
Q

Bring right foot forward, and return to start position

A

Plane = Sagittal
Axis = coronal

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3
Q

Right leg out to side - away from midline then back again

A

Plane = coronal
Axis = Sagittal

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4
Q

Rotate leg so toes point towards other foot - pigeon toed, and back out to side - duck footed

A

Plane = transverse
Axis = longitudinal

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5
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Center
Skull
Vertebral column
Ribs

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6
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Limbs
Appendages
Girdle

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7
Q

Girdle equiv

A

Scapula/clavicle
Pelvis

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8
Q

Proximal segment equiv

A

Humerus
Femur

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9
Q

Middle segment paired equiv

A

Radius, ulna
Tibia, fibula

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10
Q

Distal segment short bones equiv

A

Carpals
Tarsals

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11
Q

Distal segment long bones

A

Metacarpals, phalanges
Metatarsals, phalanges

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12
Q

Foramen definition

A

Opening or hole
Passage through bone

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13
Q

Foramen examples

A

Transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae, cranial nerve foramina

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14
Q

Foramen functions

A

Passage of neurovasculature

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15
Q

Fossa definition

A

Depression in a bone

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16
Q

Fossa ex

A

Subscapualr fossa

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17
Q

Fossa functions

A

Accommodates processes of other bones
Area for muscle attachment

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18
Q

Groove, sulcus definition

A

Long depression in bone

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19
Q

Groove, sulcus Ex

A

Intertubercular sulcus - bicipital groove

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20
Q

Groove, sulcus function

A

Tendons and liegmnts attachments

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21
Q

Facet def

A

Smooth/flat articualr surface

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22
Q

Facet ex

A

Vertebrae

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23
Q

Facet function

A

Provides reciprocal articualr surface - usually covered with cartilage

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24
Q

Condyle def

A

Rounded articualr surface at end of a bone

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25
Q

Condyle ex

A

Femoral Condyle
Occipital Condyle

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26
Q

Condyle function

A

For a joint
Larger rom

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27
Q

Epicondyle def

A

Projection near/upon a Condyle

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28
Q

Epicondyle ex

A

Humeral Epicondyle

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29
Q

Epicondyle functions

A

Musculotendinous attachment sites

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30
Q

Process def

A

Outgrowth or bony projection

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31
Q

Process ex

A

Olecranon process of ulna
Coracoid process of scapula
Spinous processes of vertebrae

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32
Q

Process fucntion

A

Tendon/ligament attachment sites
Increase leverage of muscle s

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33
Q

Tubercle def

A

Modular outgrowth

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34
Q

Tubercle ex

A

Greater and lesser tubercles of humerus

35
Q

Tubercle function

A

Musculotendinous attachment sites

36
Q

Tuberosity def

A

Like tubercle, but bigger
Large/long but shallow, eminence or ride on bony surface

37
Q

Tuberosity ex

A

Deltoid Tuberosity
Radial Tuberosity

38
Q

Tuberosity fucntion

A

Musculotendinous atttahcment sites

39
Q

Define joint aka arthrosis aka articulation

A

Center of rotation
2 to more skeletal components linked together

40
Q

Name the 2 broad categories of joints

A

Solid
Synovial

41
Q

Name solid joint types

A

Fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints

42
Q

Describe characteristics fibrous joints

A

Joints between bones
Linked by tough fibrous ct
No movement under normal conditions

43
Q

Describe ex fibrous joints

A

Sutures - cranial
Gomphoses - teeth and mandible/maxilla
Syndesmoses - interosseous membranes

44
Q

Describe characteristics cartilaginous joints

A

Joints that link 2 or more bones via cartilage/fibre cartilage
Little movement under physiological conditions

45
Q

Describe ex cartilaginous joints

A

Bone cartilage bone = synchondrosis = costocondral/sternocostal joints
Bone fibro cartilage bone = symphyses = pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks

46
Q

Name the general features of synovial joints

A

Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Fibrous capsules

47
Q

Describe bursae

A

Between skin

48
Q

Describe synovial sheath

A

Potential spaces with synovial fluid
Act as cushions and facilitate gliding of tendons near joints

49
Q

Describe articular disks

A

Within Joint cavity

50
Q

describe ligaments

A

Local thickenings of fibrous capsules

51
Q

What can be found in knee

A

Articualr disks aka menisci = improve fit between reciprocal surfaces of femur and tibia
Collateral ligaments
Cruciate ligaments
(Ligs = intracapsular)

52
Q

Describe gliding/planar joints = motions and ex

A

Limited translation - sliding motion
Ex= superior and inferior intervertebral joints at articular facets

53
Q

Name planar joints

A

No rotation
Gliding/planar

54
Q

Name uniaxial joints

A

One axis only
Pivot and hinge

55
Q

Describe pivot joints = motions and ex

A

Axial rotation around longitudinal axis
Ex = humeroradial joint, Atlanta axial joint (c1/c2)

56
Q

Describe hinge joints = motions and ex

A

Flexion/extension
Ex = elbow joint (humeri ulnar), interphalangeal joints

57
Q

Describe condyloid (ellipsoid) joints = motions and ex

A

2 axes = flex/ext + axial rot (knee) or flex/ext + abd/add (metacarpophalangeal joints)
Ex= knee 2x Condyles, metacarophalangeal joints

58
Q

Describe saddle joints = motions and ex

A

2 axes, flex/ext +abd/add
Ex= thumb carpometacarpal joint

59
Q

Name biaxial joints

A

2 axes and combos
Condyloid and saddle

60
Q

Name multi axial joints

A

Ball and socket joints
3 axes and combos

61
Q

Describe ball and socket joints = motions and ex

A

2 axes = flex/ext, add/abd, and axial rotation
Ex= hip joint, shoulder joint (glenohumeral)

62
Q

What are striations

A

Orientation of muscle fibres
Reflect fascicles and bundles

63
Q

What do muscles generate

A

Tensile forces when sarcomeres engage

64
Q

Describe muscle fibre orientation

A

Each level parallel to sarcomere
Clues about actions at a joint

65
Q

How do muscles attach to bones

A

Tendons - sometimes much longer, sometimes short

66
Q

What are muscles enveloped by

A

Sheaths ct
Epimysium or deep fascia
Can create bellies

67
Q

Name the 2 main types of muscle architecture

A

Muscle fibre parallel =strap like, fusiform
Fibres oriented at an angle to line of action = uni pennate, bi pennate and multi pennate

68
Q

Which muscle type is stronger

69
Q

What do muscles Create

A

Torques by generating tensile forces

70
Q

Do muscles always generate motion

A

Noooo
Only create angular motion = depends on angular torques - muscles and external torques produced by external forces

71
Q

What are torques dependent on

A

Forces
Distances from centres of rotation- further = more torque

72
Q

Biceps brachii movement

A

Elbow flexor

73
Q

Triceps brachii movement

A

Elbow extensor

74
Q

Resist downward load = what type contraction

A

Isometric = only resist external torque
Fibres stay the same

75
Q

Extend arm in controlled manager = what type contraction

A

Eccentric
Fibres lengthen

76
Q

Overcome torque to produce actual elbow flex ion = what type contraction

A

Concentric
Muscle fibres shorten

77
Q

Tester applies same downwards pressure closer to elbow rather than at hand = how would muscular effort of biceps change during an isometric contraction

A

Less effort bc closer to Center rotation

78
Q

Describe flexion

A

Movement to decrease angle between 2 body parts

79
Q

Describe extension

A

Opposite of flexion
Increase angle

80
Q

Describe abduction

A

Movement away from midline - median plane

81
Q

Describe adduction

A

Opposite abduction
Movement towards midline

82
Q

Describe circumduction

A

Combo of flexion extension, add and abd

83
Q

Describe medial rotation

A

Rotation anterior surface towards median plane, around longitudinal axis

84
Q

Describe lateral rotation

A

Opposite of medial
Around longitudinal axis

ANAT 314 (24 decks)

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