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Anatomy > Lecture 4: Muscle tissue and muscles > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Muscle tissue and muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Isometric contraction

A

length of muscles does not change

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2
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

length of muscle changes

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3
Q

Concentric contraction

A

muscle gets shorter

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4
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

muscle gets longer

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5
Q

How are muscles named

A 
Shape
Origin-insertion
Function
Relative size
Fiber arrangement
Location
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6
Q

Fiber arrangements

A 
Straight
Fusiform (spindle)
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate
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7
Q

Agonist

A

Muscle doing the desired action

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8
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle that opposes the agonist

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9
Q

Synergist

A

Muscle that eliminates unwanted action by the agonist

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10
Q

Fixator

A

Muscle that stabilizes base of attachment of agonist (usually isometrically)

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11
Q

Unijoint

A

Muscle that only crosses one joint

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12
Q

Multijoint

A

Muscle that crosses multiple joints

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13
Q

Insufficiency

A

Inability of a multijoint muscle to contract maximally over all joints crossed simultaneously

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14
Q

Active insufficiency

A

The diminished ability of a muscle to produce or maintain active tension. Involves agonist.

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15
Q

Passive insufficiency

A

Occurs when the inactive antagonist muscle is of insufficient length to allow a force to complete the full range of motion available.

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16
Q

Muscles that pass anterior to the axis of a joint

A

Flexors

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17
Q

Muscles that pass posterior to the axis of a joint

A

Extensors

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18
Q

Muscles that pass lateral to the axis of a joint

A

Abductors

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19
Q

Muscles are classified by:

A

Appearance
Arrangement of Nucleus
Function

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20
Q

Muscle appearances

A

Smooth

Striated

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21
Q

Muscle nuclei arrangements

A

Mononucleated

Multinucleated (Syncytium)

22
Q

Muscle function can be:

A

Voluntary or involuntary

23
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal (striated)
Smooth
Cardiac

24
Q

Smooth muscle appearance

A

Spindle-shaped mononucleated cells, centrally located nuclei

25
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

Consists of chains of individual cells that are striated and mononucleated. Special intercellular junctions called intercalated discs.

26
Q

Skeletal muscle characteristics

A

Striated, peripheral nuclei, multinucleated, action potentials

27
Q

Origin (Proximal attachment)

A

Usually proximal, may be fixed with regard to movement

28
Q

Insertion (distal attachment)

A

Usually distal, usually more movable

29
Q

Tendons attach what

A

muscles and bone

30
Q

Tendon characteristics

A

Dense collagenous CT, surrounded by peritendineum, poorly vascularized

31
Q

Aponeuroses

A

Flat, fan-shaped tendons typically giving rise to other tendons

32
Q

Myofilament

A

Actin & Myosin organized into cylindrical unit called sarcomeres

33
Q

Myofibril

A

Chain of sarcomeres

34
Q

Myofiber

A

Bundle of myofibrils (often referred to as a muscle cell) each fiber formed from many fused myoblasts

35
Q

Fascicle

A

Bundle of myofibers

36
Q

Varying numbers of fascicles compose:

A

Muscle

37
Q

Endomysium

A

Surrounds each muscle fiber/myofiber

38
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds each fascicle

39
Q

Epimysium

A

Surrounds each muscle, continuous with tendons, attaches to periosteum

40
Q

Connective tissue provides:

A

physical support and a pathway for nerves and vessels

41
Q

Z-lines

A

Separate adjacent sarcomeres, composed of Z-actin

42
Q

I-bands

A

Make up ends of each sarcomere, composed of actin

43
Q

A-bands

A

Located in middle of sarcomere, composed of actin and myosin

44
Q

T or F: The number of myofibers cannot be increased after birth

A

True

45
Q

T or F: The number of myofibrils cannot be increased after birth

A

False, the number can be increased which will increase mass of myofiber and muscle

46
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Equivialent to ER of most cells

47
Q

T-tubules

A

Tubular extensions of muscle fiber membrane (sarcolemma) that extend into the cytoplasm (saracoplasm)

48
Q

T-tubule function

A

Conduct action potential from cell membrane surface to interior

49
Q

Cisternae

A

Saccular extensions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that release calcium ions in response to action potential

50
Q

Release of Ca+ ions from cisternae does what

A

triggers sliding of myosin and actin filaments, resulting in contraction

Anatomy (34 decks)

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