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Social psychology > Lecture 4: Chapter 6: Social Identity > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Chapter 6: Social Identity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is self-categorization?

A

You see yourself as part of a certain group

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2
Q

How can your social identity be activated by cues of group members? Give 4 ways. What is the most powerful one?

A
  1. Direct reminders of membership/ group labels: circumstances remind us of similarities we share with our group members
  2. Presence of out-group members: makes us aware of our in-group memberships
  3. Minorities: people are more likely to think of themselves as being a member of a smaller group compared to larger ones
  4. Intergroup conflict: the more conflict, the more people identify with own group
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3
Q

What are the effects of self-categorization?

A
  1. See norms of group as your own and letting them guide your behavior
  2. Impact on self-confidence: Maintain social identity because it gives a positive feeling
  3. Make us feel unique when differences between your group and others are highlighted
  4. Make us feel connected when similarities among group members are the focus
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4
Q

What is basking in reflected glory (BIRG) of a group membership? Give an example

A

Boosting self-esteem by identifying oneself with the accomplishments or good qualities of fellow in-group members

E.g. favorite soccer team wins, you’re almost part of their team. If your favorite team loses, you dissociate from them

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5
Q

What were the two results of a study where a student belonged to a minority group? What is the difference with when a student belonged to a majority group and how can you explain this?

A
  1. Majority group members don’t compare themselves to minorities
  2. Minority group participants who saw another fellow group member give a good performance, felt good and felt bad if they gave a bad performance

Difference with majority group:
If fellow group member did bad, they felt great and they felt bad when it was terrible, regardless of own group membership

Explanation: people in minority groups don’t compare themselves against others, but they psychologically share in positive or negative image the other person’s performance gives to their group

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6
Q

What is a social identity?

A

Aspects of the self-concept that derive from an individual’s knowledge and feelings about the group memberships he shares with others

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7
Q

How do people learn about their groups?

A

By observing other group members from the culture

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8
Q

When are boys and girls more likely to mention their gender?

A

When their gender is a minority at home (more females than males makes male the minority)

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9
Q

Give an example of activation of social identity because of presence of out-group members

A

Chatting over coffee with mixed-sex group of friends reminds you that you’re a female

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10
Q

What are direct reminders of your social identity? Give an example

A

Being called miss or ma’am reminds you directly you’re a female

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11
Q

Give an example of reminding your social identity because of being a minority

A

Being part of a mostly male work team

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12
Q

Give an example of an intergroup conflict that reminds you of the fact you are female

A

Discussing affirmative action with women who favor it and some men who oppose it

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13
Q

What is the in-group? What happens if we get to know them better?

A

Members that are similar to us.

If we know them better, goup membership is less accessible and we see them as individuals and heterogenous people –> ingroup bias

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14
Q

With what team does someone who thinks he failed associate more? And someone who thinks he passed?

Which concept fits with this?

A

If think you’ve failed: associate with winning team, dissociate from losing teams

If think you’ve passed: less strong effects

BIRG: bask in reflected glory: restores positive self-regard, especially when self-esteem is threatened

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15
Q

What is the relation between social identity and emotions?

A

Group memberships lead us to experience emotions on behalf of our groups and affects our self-esteem

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16
Q

How does group membership account for both individuality and connectedness?

A

Individuality: perceiving differences between our and other groups

Connectedness: perceiving similarities among members within our group

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17
Q

What is altruistic behavior?

A

Behavior that helps others, sometimes at expense of yourself

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18
Q

How do people often behave when group membership is accessible? How is this behavior encouraged?

A

Altruistic behavior

It’s encouraged by merging individual and group interests

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19
Q

How do we perceive fellow in-group members when group membership is accessible?

A

Think about features we believe we share with the group, which causes us to see other in-group members as more similar to ourselves

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20
Q

How do you perceive your group when group membership isn’t highly accessible?

A

You see the group as quite diverse in characteristics

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21
Q

What are the results when people are asked to evaluate creative solutions to problems that were made by the in-group and out-group?

A

People treat their own group’s work more generously than out-group products

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22
Q

What is the difference in reaction with the word ‘we’ and ‘they’?

A

We: positive feelings, more quick response

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23
Q

What are the 3 consequences of accessibility of social identity as a group member?

A
  1. See other in-group members as similar
  2. Like other in-group members
  3. Treat in-group members with fairness and altruism
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24
Q

What is the out-group homogeneity effect?

A

We see people of outgroup as homogenous and less diverse than the in-group

Homogenous = all the same

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25
Q

Why does the out-group homogeneity effect occur? Give 2 reasons

A
  1. Familiarity: we usually know more in-group members and we are more aware of their diversity
  2. Constrained nature of interactions with out-group members: exposure to out-group is often where no individual interaction is possible
26
Q

What is the cross-race identification bias? Why does it occur and how can it be prevented?

A

People can recognize faces of members of own ethnic group more easily than faces of members of other groups

Why: people don’t have motivation to pay close attention to distinguishing features of other-race faces

Prevention: making people aware of this bias

27
Q

What is the minimal intergroup situation? What is the evidence on this?

A

Research situation in which people are categorized on an arbitrary basis into groups with no history and no stereotypes, so the difference between groups is minimal

Evidence: people favored own group and gave them more awards

28
Q

What happens when outgroup goals threaten ingroup goals? Give 2 things

What happens if the out-group poses a mild threat?

A
  1. Stereotypes can play a role and lead to discrimination
  2. Moral exclusion: outgroup members are seen as inhuman and therefore fall outside the domain that is concerned by morals (Israel Palestine)

Mild threat:
Intergroup discrimination

29
Q

What is the social identity theory (Tajfel)?

A

We identify with groups to maintain a positive self-concept and self-esteem. This is the motivation behind ingroup bias

If self-esteem is threatened, people tend to be more likely to discriminate outgroups

30
Q

What is ingroup bias? Give an example

A

Favoring people of the ingroup over outgroup people

E.g.: A football fan shares a seat with someone who supports the same team more quickly than someone who supports another team

31
Q

What is moral exclusion? When does it occur?

A

Viewing outgroups as subhuman and outside the domain where rules of morality apply

Occurs when outgroup poses a big threat on ingroup

32
Q

What is the difference in reactions on the following:
1. Outgroup seen as different
2. Outgroup seen as outdoing
3. Outgroup seen as threatening

A
  1. Mild dislike outgroup
  2. Dislike, support action against outgroup
  3. Extreme hatred, potential violent action
33
Q

What do we mean with ‘stigmatized’?

A

Negatively evaluated by others

34
Q

What are the effects of stigmatization? Give 2 types

A
  1. Stereotype threat: if you think your group performs badly, you will perform badly too
  2. Lower self-esteem
35
Q

How can you counteract stereotype threat? Give 3 ways

A
  • With self-affirmation
  • focusing on positive stereotypes of one’s group
  • presence of ingroup role models with high performance
36
Q

How can you prevent lowered self-esteem when your ingroup is stigmatized?

A
  • Attribute negative evaluations to prejudice
  • Comparing yourself to other ingroup members instead of outgroup members
37
Q

What is the cyberball paradigm (Williams & Jarvis)? What does it show?

A

Virtual ball-tossing game created to manipulate social exclusion

We need to belong, because social exclusion hurts

38
Q

Give 5 aspects of intergroup behavior

A
  • Social identity
  • Categorization
  • Prejudice
  • Conflict
  • Cooperation
39
Q

Which 2 basic effects result from a focus on groups?

A
  1. Categorization effects: category accentuation & outgroup homogenization
  2. Evaluative effects
40
Q

What is a personal interest we have when making intergroup comparisons?

A

Boosting our self-esteem

41
Q

What is the linguistic intergroup bias?

A

More abstract terms (helpful, envied) that suggest intentionality and lasting personal characteristics are used to desribe:
- Positive behaviors of ingroup
- Negative behaviors of outgroup

More concrete terms (picked up, dropped) that suggest transient behaviors are used to describe:
- Negative behaviors of ingroup
- Positive behaviors of outgroup

42
Q

Give an example of stereotype threat

A

Women can’t do math

When told it’s a math test, women score lower (men higher) than when told it’s a general knowledge test (Spencer)

43
Q

What are 3 long term strategies of protecting your self-esteem?

A
  1. Individual mobility
  2. Social creativity
  3. Social change
44
Q

What is the strategy of individual mobility to protect self-esteem? With what 2 ways can you achieve this?

A

Includes individual escape from a group that is negatively evaluated

Done through:
1. Disidentification: psychological distancing
2. Dissociation: physically distancing

45
Q

Give 3 ways you can disidentify with a group?

A
  1. Be critical of ingroup’s fail in public
  2. Avoid reminders of membership
  3. Being exception instead of part of a group
46
Q

What is the strategy of social creativity for protecting your self-esteem? When does it have the best outcome?

A

Introducing new alternative dimensions of social comparison that the stigmatized ingroup can be evaluated positively on

Best outcome: if boundaries within group are fixed

47
Q

Give an example of dissociation

A

Placing group at physical distance

e.g. emigrating, being ‘in the closet’,

48
Q

Give an example of application of the social creativity strategy

A

Women accept society’s definition of femininity and they seek for a positive group identity

They emphasize dimensions of achievement that they view as feminine, such as nurturing or peacemaking

Other example: gay pride: emphasis on celebrating accomplishments of queers in cultural fields

49
Q

What is a downside of social creativity strategies?

A

They may not lead to lasting changes in a group’s position in society, although it does support self-esteem

50
Q

What is the strategy of social change for protecting self-esteem?

A

Improving social and societal situation of a stigmatized group

51
Q

Which types of people prefer social change? Give 3 characteristics

A
  • People who identify strongly with their group
  • Respond with anger to outgroup injustices against the ingroup
  • See individual mobility as impossible
52
Q

How can social change be achieved? What are 2 possible consequences?

A

Through social competition: actively and directly seeking change of conditions that stigmatize and disadvantage the ingroup

  1. Lead to ingroup bias
  2. Provoke reaction from powerful groups
53
Q

What is the social identity model of collective action (Van Zomeren)?

A

Injustice, identity and efficacy all contribute to collective action

54
Q

What is efficacy?

A

The power to produce an effect

55
Q

What is the relationship between social competition and prejudice reduction?

A

Prejudice reduction often undermines desires for social competition (smooths over group inequality)

Social competition usually increases group dislike, so increase in prejudice

56
Q

What is the best way to reduce prejudice and what is a downside of it?

A

Having positive interactions with ingroup members leads to fewer thoughts about group inequality and reduction of feelings of injustice

Downside: ingroup contact can undermine a stigmatized group’s need for social change

57
Q

What is the color-blind ideology?

A

Race should not affect how people are treated and should be ignored

58
Q

What is an important catch of the color-blind ideology?

A

This ideology is used primarily as a means to reduce conflict and ignore actual inequalities that underlie society

59
Q

Study picture summary p. 35

A

YOU’RE DOING GREAT HUN!

60
Q

What are 2 ways of achieving social change?

A
  1. Social creativity
  2. Social competition

Social psychology (21 decks)

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