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Social psychology > Lecture 13: Sustainability > Flashcards

Lecture 13: Sustainability Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 worldviews on sustainability?

A
  1. Egoistic: promote self
  2. Altruistic: promote others
  3. Ecological/biophyllic: promote nature
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2
Q

Which worldviews oppose?

A

Egoistic world view has generally less altruistic/ecological world view

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3
Q

What is the difference between consumerism and materialism?

A

Consumerism = ideology that encourages the ongoing acquisition of goods and services –> consuming more increases happiness

Materialism = value system where status of individual is defined by their material wealth –> high materialism = lower well being and less prosocial behavior

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4
Q

What are the 2 components of happiness?

A
  1. Positive affect: frequency of experience of positive feelings, moods and emotions such as joy
  2. Subjective well-being: satisfaction with one’s life, feeling life is close to an ideal
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5
Q

What are the 2 psychological effects of materialism?

A

Lower wellbeing and lower prosocial behavior

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6
Q

Give examples from the 12 evidence based happiness activities

A

Express gratitude, cultivate optimism, avoid overthinking and social comparison, practice acts of kindness, nurture social relationships, develop strategies for coping, learn to forgive, increase ‘flow’ experiences, savor life’s joys, commit to your goals, practice religion and spirituality, take care of your body

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7
Q

What does it mean to say status games are zero-sum games? Give an example of a zero-sum game and something that is not a zero-sum game

A

There can’t be a winner without a loser

Zero-sum: Femke Bol winning means someone else has to lose

No zero-sum: hospitals: your health increasing doesn’t imply something for someone else

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8
Q

What are the 3 views of the human-nature philosophy?

A
  1. Master
  2. Steward
  3. Participant
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9
Q

What is the master view of human-nature philosophy?

A

Nature exists for human use. Economic growth and technology can solve any environmental problem

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10
Q

What is the steward view of the human-nature philosophy?

A

We have a responsibility to care for nature on behalf of God and/or future generations

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11
Q

What is the participant view of the human-nature philosophy?

A

Humans are part of nature and share in its health or illness

It’s the most humble view

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12
Q

With which 5 aspects in society does an environmental problem heavily overlap?

A
  1. Agriculture
  2. Economics
  3. Public health
  4. National security
  5. Cultural values
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13
Q

What is sustainability?

A

It means there’s a balanced system in which there is a stable ecosystem because humans spend resources at a rate at which ecosystems can regenerate them

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14
Q

When did warnings for global warming start and what is the Keeling curve?

A

First research in 1850s

Keeling curve = graph that shows the level of CO2 in the atmosphere, which is constantly increasing

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15
Q

What is the scientific consensus on climate change and what is the public’s estimation of this?

A

Scientists 97% agree on existence of human-caused climate change and its effects

Public tends to greatly underestimate this consensus

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16
Q

What does it mean that environmental outcomes aren’t included in marketing prices?

A

Costs for the environment aren’t calculated through to the customer (e.g. CO2 emissions from land use)

The environment won’t change until we include this in prices

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17
Q

Describe the research that has been done on reducing power use in company letters with bills?

A

Use descriptive norm: comparing them to their least energy-efficient, average and most energy efficient neighbors

Use injunctive norm: rating of how good they’re doing

These interventions can significantly influence people’s behavior

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18
Q

What are tipping points?

A

Sudden turning points in natural and social systems

E.g. Brexit, Metoo, environment, immigration

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19
Q

What was the effect of media on environmental opinions after the extinction rebellion protests?

A

There is no polarization on climate change issue or any backlash (increase of opposing views)

It lead to more people supporting it

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20
Q

Why does concern for environment go up?

A

Part of the effect can be explained by people starting to publicly voice the opinions they already had

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21
Q

What is the relation between environmental concern and actual support for environmental action? What does this mean?

A

It’s an intermediate correlation, which means there are other factors that predict this behavior

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22
Q

For what 2 reasons are tipping points so hard to predict?

A
  1. Lack of insight
  2. Social signaling, not true beliefs
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23
Q

How is a tipping point caused? Name the 3 steps

A
  1. Perception of the norm changes
  2. Private beliefs may become public
  3. Culture shift
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24
Q

On what 4 things do expert agree considering climate change?

A
  1. It’s real
  2. Human-caused
  3. Harmful to humans
  4. Solvable
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25
Q

What are 3 consequences of belief in what experts on climate change say?

A
  1. Support for societal response
  2. Support for climate policies
  3. Personal action
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26
Q

What are the four I’s that get our attention? What does it say? How does it relate to climate change?

A
  1. Intentional
  2. Immoral
  3. Imminent
  4. Instantaneous

Situations that have all of these things, are perceived as very dangerous and we can respond to them very quickly. Climate change has none of these I’s

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27
Q

Give an example of intentional things that capture our attention

A

We remember 9/11 because it was an intentional attack.

If it was an accident (plane hit by lightning), nobody would remember the date that well

28
Q

Give an example of immoral things that capture our attention and why it doesn’t work for climate change

A

E.g. rules on who to have sex with (no incest) and about food (eating puppies) –> if violated, feeling of alarm and disgust

Climate change doesn’t violate our morals. We don’t have rules on when to turn on the airconditioner

29
Q

Give an example of instantaneous things that capture our attention and why it doesn’t work for climate change

A

Our brains respond well to immediate threat (we can duck for a baseball)

Climate change happens very slow, so it’s not an instant thing on which we can act

30
Q

What is an anatomical explanation for why we respond well to instant threats and not about the future?

A

Large brain area for perception and action for instant threat

Small brain area is concerned for the future

31
Q

Why could you say climate change isn’t happening fast enough?

A

If it happens fast, it would grab our attention and we could act fast.

We accept change when it’s gradually. We don’t act on gradual change

32
Q

What are the 5 steps of the theory of emergency response?

A
  1. Notice problem
  2. Interpret problem as emergency
  3. Feel personally responsible to act
  4. Know what to do
  5. Do it
33
Q

What are psychological barriers for noticing problems in the theory of emergency response?

A
  1. Lack of information comprehension
  2. Low perception of threat (4 I’s)
  3. Rejection of conflicting information (cultural cognition)
34
Q

Why do we fail to interpret global warming as an emergency?

A
  1. Fail to notice problems, lack of four I’s
  2. Slow changes go undetected
  3. As question becomes more verbal and elaborate (issue vs. emergency), motivated reasoning plays a role
35
Q

What are 3 barriers in feeling personally responsible to act?

A
  1. Self-interest: tragedy of the commons
  2. Free riding
  3. Belief in a just world
36
Q

What is tragedy of the commons and why does it make you feel less personally responsible to act?

A

In a social dilemma, everyone will act in their self-interest resulting in a negative outcome for everyone

37
Q

What is the opposite of self-interest?

A

Collective interest

38
Q

What is freeriding and what are 6 ways to reduce it?

A

When it’s a shared load, carried by multiple people, there is an incentive to do less

  1. Evaluate individual performance
  2. Expect punishment for poor performance
  3. Knowing individual effort is necessary for succes
  4. Task is important to you
  5. Small group
  6. Cohesive group
39
Q

What is meant with belief in a just world? To what problem does it lead?

A

We have a need to believe that the world is predictable and just place where people get what they deserve

Leads to is-ought problem: belief in just world is a barrier to action, because it reduces the perception of a problem and acceptance of responsibility

40
Q

What are the 3 steps of the classic model of climate change mitigation? What is lacking in this model?

A
  1. Education
  2. Climate change beliefs (reality, importance)
  3. Behavior

It’s useful, but it’s incomplete. Just education doesn’t lead to appropriate behavior.
It needs the inclusion of co-benefits of mitigation, which are learned in education and affect behavior

41
Q

What are co-benefits?

A

Acting on problem helps society in other ways as well than with just solving the problem

42
Q

On what 3 Rs does effective communication about climate change depend?

A
  1. Reality
  2. Risk
  3. Response
43
Q

What are 2 aspects of communicating reality of climate change?

A
  1. Scientists are convinced human-caused climate change is happening
  2. Harmful climate change consequences are already happening here and will get worse
44
Q

What are 2 aspects of risk we have to communicate about climate change?

A
  1. Climate may get worse than we expect
  2. We can experience abrupt climate change or abrupt consequences, triggered by gradual climate change
45
Q

What are 2 aspects of response to climate change that have to be communicated?

A
  1. The sooner we respond the better
  2. There’s a lot we can do
46
Q

What is the collective futures model (Bain)?

A

It’s the idea that it’s necessary to make people think about climate change, not just for environment, but also for other outcomes

47
Q

What is the best way to communicate about climate change?

A

3 R’s: reality, risk, response

48
Q

What is identity signaling (2)? What is the relation with pro-environmental behaviors?

A
  • The behaviors that we perform signal identity and reputation
  • We are all motivated to feel good about ourselves

Pro-environmental behaviors have a social meaning and environmental behavior is used as identity signaling

49
Q

Give an example of identity signaling?

A

E.g. stickers on light bulbs saying buying is bad for the environment, led to less buying of light bulbs

E.g. sticker for shorter showertime

50
Q

What is an important finding on signaling identity?

A

Individuals may signal social identities with environmental behavior

However, with the application, current campaigns may backfire in non-environmentalists

51
Q

What are the 2 climate change strategies?

A
  1. Adaptation : cope
  2. Mitigation : prevent
52
Q

Why is presenting scientific evidence not per se effective according to Bain’s article?

A

Climate believers and deniers evaluate evidence for climate change using different frameworks

This should however not deter activists from trying to promote pro-environmental behavior among deniers

53
Q

What is the focus of Bain’s research? How is it operated?

A

Promoting pro-environmental behavior among anthropogenic climate change deniers

Method: examining their beliefs about the effects of widespread mitigation efforts on their nation and people and how it relates to their intentions to engage in environmental citizenship

54
Q

What is environmental citizenship?

A

Important behavior in addressing climate change, such as supporting pro-environmental organizations and individuals and contributing to public pressure for political action

55
Q

What were the results in Bain’s first study?

A

Environmental citizenship intentions were greater where deniers believed action on climate change would result in people becoming more interpersonally warm and considerate and where they thought climate change would promote societal development

56
Q

What was Bain’s second study about? What were the results?

A

Examining whether framing climate change action in terms of increasing interpersonal warmth and societal development would be more effective in motivating deniers than traditional framing based on the reality and risks of climate change

Results: deniers were more likely to engage in pro-environmental actions when climate change action was framed in terms of increasing interpersonal warmth and societal development, rather than focusing on the reality and risks of climate change

57
Q

What is the article by Brick and van der Linden about?

A

It discusses the psychological challenges surrounding climate change and why it’s proving to be a stubborn problem

58
Q

What are the two reasons why climate change is a stubborn problem according to Brick?

A
  1. Fundamental social dilemma that involves making trade-offs between immediate selfish options and long-term, socially cooperative options
  2. People don’t see climate change as a moral issue and find it hard to care about invisible abstract threats
59
Q

What are the 3 psychological challenges for action on climate change and potential solutions that Brick’s article provides?

A
  1. Building stronger emotional connections to issue
  2. Emphasize moral dimension
  3. Increase social influence
60
Q

What is the conclusion of Brick’s article?

A

The fundamental problem of climate change is psychological and it requires innovative solutions to manage this large social dilemma

61
Q

What are the 3 strategies discussed in Brick’s article that establish a moral imperative for climate change?

A
  1. Communicate around specific values of the audience: focus less on polar bears, more on human suffering
  2. Highlight villains
  3. Appeal to intrinsically valued long-term environmental goals: don’t give external reward, focus on inner moral duty
62
Q

Brick’s article emphasizes the importance of establishing social norms around sustainability. What are the 3 outlines to promote them?

A
  1. Leverage relevant social group norms: explain what others do to help climate change and tie these behaviors to valued groups
  2. Avoid pairing desired behaviors with unwanted identities (conservatives don’t wanna look like environmentalist and won’t walk around with hip earth bags)
  3. Support advocates across social, religious and political boundaries
63
Q

Our brains intuitively underestimate climate change according to Brick’s article. What are 3 ways to overcome this psychological barrier?

A
  1. Facilitate more affective and experiental engagement
  2. Reduce psychological distance
  3. Frame policy solutions in terms of what can be gained from immediate action
64
Q

What is meant with the fact that there are intergroup trade-offs and governance of resources in the context of climate change and what does it lead to?

A

It leads to the potential for psychologists to study various topics related to climate change, such as individual differences, mental health, identity, intergroup processes and behavior change

65
Q

What is Cialdini’s theory of normative conduct?

A

Social norms only direct human behavior if they’re made salient and active

Social psychology (21 decks)

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