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Musculo > Lecture 4 (9-21) > Flashcards

Lecture 4 (9-21) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the up down proprioception test called

A

Position test

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2
Q

What is the mirror or follow test called

A

Passive motion sense

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3
Q

What is kinesthesia

A

Dynamic, passive awareness of movement

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4
Q

What does hyporeflexia signify

A

Lower motor neuron lesion

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5
Q

What does hyperreflexia signify

A

Upper motor neuron lesion

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6
Q

What make are the UMN

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What make are the LMN

A

Nerves and nerve roots

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8
Q

What dermatome is the biceps biased towards

A

C5

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9
Q

What dermatome is the brachioradialis biased towards

A

C6

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10
Q

What is an athletic build

A

Mesomorphic

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11
Q

What is a round or curvy build

A

Endomorphic

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12
Q

What is a very skinny low body fat build

A

Ectomorphic

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13
Q

What are special tests

A

Regional tests designed to confirm whether or not a specific condition is present

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14
Q

True or False:

There are often many special tests per conditition

A

True

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15
Q

True or False:

Special tests are not provocative and don’t require the PT to be sensible or judiciou

A

FALSE

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16
Q

Are special tests used in conjunction with other examination data

A

Yes’m

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17
Q

Are special tests the be all end all of DPT

A

NOOOOO

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18
Q

Why is test validity questionable with special tests

A

Skill of examiner and presence of multiple conditions

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19
Q

What are the uses of special tests (5)

A
  1. To confirm a tentative diagnosis
  2. To make a differential diagnosis
  3. To differentiate between structures
  4. To understand unusual signs
  5. To unravel difficult signs and symptoms
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20
Q

What are the 2 types of injury

A
  1. Primary

2. Secondary

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21
Q

What is a primary injury

A

Acute or chronic in nature

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of primary injury

A
  1. Macrotrauma

2. Microtrauma

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23
Q

What is a macrotrauma

A

Produces immediate pain and disability

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24
Q

What are examples of macrotrauma

A

Fracture, dislocation, sprain, strain, and contusion

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25
Q

What is a microtrauma

A

An overuse injury that results from repetitive loading or incorrect mechanics from normal or abnormal loads

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26
Q

What are examples of microtrauma

A

Tendinitis, tenosynovitis, and bursitis

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27
Q

What is a secondary injury

A

A destructive and self-propogating biological change in cells and tissues that leads to their dysfunction or death over hours to weeks after the initial insult

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28
Q

What are the 5 signs of imflammtion

A
  1. Heat
  2. Pain
  3. Swelling
  4. Pain
  5. Loss of function
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29
Q

What is the latin word for heat

A

Calor

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30
Q

What is the latin word for redness

A

Rubor

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31
Q

What is the latin word for swelling

A

Tumor

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32
Q

What is the latin word for pain

A

Dolor

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33
Q

What is the latin word for loss of function

A

Functio laesa

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34
Q

What causes heat

A

Increased vascularity to tissues

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35
Q

What causes redness

A

Increased vascularity to tissues

36
Q

What causes swelling

A

Blockage of lymphatic drainage

37
Q

What causes pain

A

Pressure or chemical irritation of pain sensitive structure

38
Q

What causes loss of function

A

Occurs as a result of pain and swelling

39
Q

What are the 3 main phases of healing

A
  1. Imflammatory phase
  2. Proliferation phase
  3. Maturation phase
40
Q

What is another name for the inflammatory phase

A

Acute or protective stage

41
Q

What is another name for the proliferation phase

A

Subacute or controlled motion stage

42
Q

What is another name for the maturation phase

A

Chronic or return to function stage

43
Q

True or False:

Without the hemostasis phase you would bleed out

A

True

44
Q

What are the 3 phases of hemostasis

A
  1. Body goes thru period of vasoconstriction
  2. Platelets start to get sticky and form plug
  3. Clotting of blood due to fibrin and erythyrocytes
45
Q

When does hemostasis occur

A

Before inflammation

46
Q

How long does the inflammatory phase last

A

0-6 days

47
Q

True or False:

Inflammation is critical to the entire healing process

A

True

48
Q

True or False:

Inflammation can only occur in areas with vascularity

A

True

49
Q

What is the process of inflammation (6)

A
  1. Disposal of injury by product
  2. Localized to trauma area - local vascular changes
  3. Protective response
  4. Sets the stage for repair
  5. Disturbed fluid exchange
  6. Migration of leukocytes from blood to tissues
50
Q

What is the clinical picture of inflammation (4)

A
  1. Painful movement
  2. Patient guarding
  3. Increased tissue tension
  4. Increased edema
51
Q

How long does the proliferation phase last

A

3-20 days

52
Q

What is the purpose of the proliferation phase

A

Cover the wound and impact strength to the injury site

53
Q

True or False:

The injured site does not have the most amount of collagen

A

False

54
Q

How much lower can the tensile strength of the tissue be

A

15%

55
Q

What is the process of proliferation (4)

A
  1. Growth of capillary buds into wound is stimulated by lack or oxygen
  2. Increased blood flow to the area delivering nutrients for regeneration
  3. Collagen fibers deposit in random fashion scarring the tissues
  4. As tensile strength increases and fibroblastic activity decreases
56
Q

What does fibroblastic activity decreasing indicate

A

The beginning of the maturation phase

57
Q

What is the clinical picture of the proliferation phase (3)

A
  1. Signs and symptoms of inflammation subside
  2. Patient may indicate tenderness to touch
  3. Patient will typically complain of pain when movement stresses injured tissue
58
Q

How long does the maturation phase last

A

20 days - 3 years

59
Q

What is the purpose of the maturation phase

A

Realignment or remodeling of the collagen fibers that make up scar tissue

60
Q

What are the clinical presentations of the maturation phase (4)

A
  1. No signs of inflammation
  2. Contractures or adhesions may limit motion
  3. Pain felt well after tissue resistance, typically with passive exposure
  4. Function is limited
61
Q

What limits function in the maturation phase (3)

A
  1. Weakness
  2. Poor endurance
  3. Poor neuromuscular control
62
Q

what are the rehab considerations for the maturation phase

A

Wolff’s law and aggressive AROM and strengthening key at the start of this phase

63
Q

What is Wolff’s Law

A

Tissues respond to the demands placed upon them causing remodeling or realignment of fibers along lines of tensile force

64
Q

What are the 12 factors that impact the rate of healing

A
  1. Extent of injury
  2. Edema
  3. Hemorrhage
  4. Poor vascular supply
  5. Separation of tissue
  6. Muscle spasm
  7. Atrophy
  8. Corticosteroids
  9. Keloids and hypertrophic scars
  10. Infection
  11. Humidity, climate, oxygen tension
  12. Health, age, nutrition
65
Q

What are the types of injury extent

A

Microtrauma and macrotrauma

66
Q

If you increase pressure what happens to blood flow and secondary injury

A

Blood flow decreases and secondary injury increases

67
Q

What is hemorrhaging do to

A

Chemical changes due to increased blood flow that causes cell death

68
Q

What does poor vascular supply do

A

Leads to cell death because of the lack of nutrients

69
Q

What happens if there is separation of the tissue

A

It takes a long time to heal

70
Q

What does muscle spasms cause

A

The patient to be in the inflammatory stage longer

71
Q

How many corticosteroid shots can be administered per year

A

3

72
Q

Why only 3 corticosteroid shots per year

A

It reduces tensile strength of the tendon causing ruptures

73
Q

What does infection cause

A

Slow healing

74
Q

What scab color is good

A

Brown

75
Q

What scab color is bad

A

Black

76
Q

What is chronic inflammation

A

Acute inflammatory response does not sufficiently eliminate the injury agent and restore tissue to its normal state

77
Q

What does chronic inflammation cause (4)

A
  1. Damage to connective tissue
  2. Tissue necrosis and fibrosis
  3. Appears to be related to microtrauma
  4. Resistant to physical and pharmocological treatment
78
Q

What is pain

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

79
Q

What do we know about pain (6)

A
  1. Subjective
  2. Past experience impacts perception of pain
  3. Warning mechanism
  4. Protects against injury
  5. Prevents further injury
  6. Can persist long after it is no longer useful
80
Q

What are the types of pain (5)

A
  1. Acute
  2. Chronic
  3. Referred
  4. Radiating
  5. Deep somatic
81
Q

What is acute pain

A

Experienced after injury has taken place and tissue damage is occurring

82
Q

What is chronic pain

A

Pain lasting longer than 6 months

83
Q

What is referred pain

A

Pain perceived to be in an area that has little relation to the pathology

84
Q

Why can referred pain be long lasting (4)

A
  1. Altered reflex patterns
  2. Continued mechanical stress on muscles
  3. Learned habits of guarding
  4. Development of trigger points
85
Q

What is radiating pain

A

Caused irritation of nerves and nerve roots

86
Q

What is deep somatic pain

A

Pain emanating from a sclerotome

87
Q

True or False:

There is often a discrepancy between the site of the pain and the location of pathology with deep somatic pain

A

True

Musculo (18 decks)

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