Lecture 4-5

Question 1

Plane is determined by what?

Answer 1

flat surface determined by 3 points in space.

Question 2

what planes do we deal with?

Answer 2

saggital - splits us side to side, frontal- splits front to back, transfers- top to bottom

Question 3

What is plane motion?

Answer 3

motion in which all points of a rigid body move parallel to a fixed plane

Question 4

What is a saggital plane motion, remember sagital splits us into right and left

Answer 4

Flexion and extension, because when you flex/extend the movement is parallel to the saggital plane.

Question 5

What is normal frontal/coronal motion?

Answer 5

abduction adduction, because those movenets are parallel to the coronal plane

Question 6

What is normal motion of tranverse plane?

Answer 6

rotation, turning head, twisting., parallel to tranverse plane

Question 7

What are the dimential limitions of plane motion?

Answer 7

its two dimentional

Question 8

What are the dimential limitionas of out of plane motion?

Answer 8

its three dementional, all points of rigid don’t move in single plane, circumvex

Question 9

axis is what

Answer 9

line around which rotary movement or translation occurs

Question 10

what are the directions of the x axus

Answer 10

1. x-side to side axis, perpendicular to saggital plane

Question 11

What are the directions of the Y axis?

Answer 11

y axis pointing up through skull, perpendicular to the transverse plane

Question 12

What are the directions of the z axis

Answer 12

z axis, front to back, perpendicular to the coronal/frontal plane

Question 13

Other name for z axis?

Answer 13

saggital

Question 14

Other name for y axis

Answer 14

longitudinal axis

Question 15

Other name for x axis

Answer 15

coronal/frontal axis

Question 16

What is ment by degrees of freedom?

Answer 16

number of ways in which body can move

Question 17

how many degrees of freedom does a spinal segment have

Answer 17

spinal segments have 6 degrees of freedom, 3 translations and 3 rotations,

Question 18

What is instaneous axis of roation?

Answer 18

idea that when a rigid body moves in a plane, there is a point maybe a hypothetical extention that doesn’t move

Question 19

what is used to describe any vertebral motion in a two dementional plane?

Answer 19

instaneous axis of rotation

Question 20

Is the Instaneous axis of rotation the same for the entire spine?

Answer 20

No, its different for each section, thorasic, lumbar, cervical and different under different loads

Question 21

what is the functional unit of the spine?

Answer 21

motion segment

Question 22

What makes up a motion segment?

Answer 22

two adjacent vertebrae and their interconnecting disc, joints, capsule and ligaments

Question 23

characteristics of a motion segment?

Answer 23

smallest spinal segment (2) exhibiting biomechanical characteristics similar to those of the entire spine with 6 degrees of freedom

Question 24

what ligament is around articular fascets

Answer 24

capsular ligaments

Question 25

what is the pedicle joint called?

Answer 25

zygapophyseal joint with a joint space

Question 26

what is coupled motion?

Answer 26

two motions ocuring at the same time along different axes that cannot be produced without the other

Question 27

what joints have loose packed position?

Answer 27

fascet joints are loose packed half way between flexion and tension

Question 28

what is the loose packed joint position used for?

Answer 28

traction or joint mobilization

Question 29

what makes up a lose packed joint position?

Answer 29

1) capsule and ligamens are most relaxed, 2) maximum joint play is possible, 3) articulation surfaces are maximally separated

Question 30

what is a close packed joint position?

Answer 30

capsule and ligaments are maximally tightened with no joint play and maximal contact between articular surfaces

Question 31

when would there be close packed joint position of spine?

Answer 31

flexion or extension of spine.

Question 32

What spinal section is the most movable

Answer 32

cervical can do the most,

Question 33

what is the least movable section?

Answer 33

probably the thorasic, can barely do anything.

Question 34

What can the lumbar do best and worst?

Answer 34

Best at flex and extend, not so good at rotation

Question 35

what cervical part has most rotation?

Answer 35

the first one and skull

Question 36

does C1 do lateral bending?

Answer 36

nope

Question 37

What does better flexion and extension?

Answer 37

Lumbar does better flexion while cervical does more extension

Question 38

what has the best lateral flexion?

Answer 38

cervical can do the most,

Question 39

what section has best and worst rotation?

Answer 39

lumbar has worst rotation wile cervical and thorasic is almost equal

Question 40

where do the concyles of the occiput face?

Answer 40

laterally and inferiorly so they can sit in C1 articular facet

Question 41

Where to the atlas C1 facets face?

Answer 41

medially and superiouly so they fit the condyles of occiput

Question 42

what does the fascet/condyle joint allow?

Answer 42

rocking

Question 43

In which direction does the occipit glide?

Answer 43

Occiput glides posteriorly to flex 10 degress

Question 44

In which direction does occiput roll?

Answer 44

occiput rolls anteriorly to extend. 25 degrees

Question 45

Where is the greates range of motion?

Answer 45

CO and C1 (atlas)

Question 46

what is gliding and rolling during occiput C1 flexion?

Answer 46

Occiput rolls on side of flexion and glides on opposite side

Question 47

what limits CO-C1 rotation?

Answer 47

alar ligament 5 degrees each side.

Question 48

where does gliding and rolling happen during rotation?

Answer 48

glide posteriorly on side of rotaion and anteriorly on side opposites

Question 49

what is the atlas axis joint around odointoid process called?

Answer 49

atlas odontoid joint

Question 50

what type of joint is the atlas odontoid joint?

Answer 50

synovial

Question 51

what is the ligament that ties odontoid process in?

Answer 51

transverse ligament

Question 52

what is the cervical coupling pattern?

Answer 52

as you laterally bend right the cervicals compress on the right side and twist to the right

Question 53

where is the alar ligament?

Answer 53

between occiput and odontoid.

Question 54

where is the transverse ligament?

Answer 54

it goes around posterior aspect of odontoid.

Question 55

what direction does articular surfaces of CI glide on C2 during flexion?

Answer 55

they glide posteriorly a little pit. So when head goes forward, it slides back.

Question 56

what direction does C1 articular surface glide on C2 during extension

Answer 56

when head goes back, c-1 glides foreward. So its opposite.

Question 57

what direction does C1 glide during lateral flexion?

Answer 57

C1 glides (translates) on C2 in the direction of lat flexion O rolls on side of flex and glides on opposite. Picture C1 squishing out from between O and C2 toward direction of lateral flexion.

Question 58

what accounts for more than half of cervical rotation?

Answer 58

C-1 / C-2 rotation around the odontoid process

Question 59

how does C1 glide during rotation on C2?

Answer 59

just like you would imagine, it glides back on the side its turning to and forward on the side its coming from, same as O, C1, but that is limited to 5 degrees by alar ligament.

Question 60

how far can C1 rotatie on each side?

Answer 60

25 degrees of cervical rotation is C1 on C2, but if you add the rest of the cervicals, the rotation is 40 degrees total to each side.

Question 61

flexion and extension of c1 and c2 is what type of kinematic movement?

Answer 61

mostly translation

Question 62

during flexion, what happens to the disk between CI and C2

Answer 62

it compresses anteriorly and distracts posteriorly with facets gliding apart.

Question 63

during extension, what happens to disk

Answer 63

opposite, just like you would expect but the facets approximate and there is compression at inferior margins.

Question 64

what goes through the transverse foramen?

Answer 64

vertebral artery

Question 65

what angle are the articular fascets for C3 to C7?

Answer 65

the facets are at 45 degrees with a transverse plane and parallel in frontal plane

Question 66

what is the joint between the vertebral body of C3 to C7 called?

Answer 66

joint of luschka

Question 67

when do the joints of luschka form?

Answer 67

they form at age 6-9 and finnish forming at age 18.

Question 68

what movement do the joints of luschka limit?

Answer 68

lateral flexion is limited to a few degrees

Question 69

what serves as guide to couple lateral flexion with rotation?

Answer 69

the joints of luschka help with coupled motion

Question 70

what is the curve of the cervical spine?

Answer 70

lordotic curve of 20 to 50 degrees from C1 to C7

Question 71

what determines lordotic curve?

Answer 71

facet and disk planes as they develop in response to upright posture.

Question 72

what is the disk height to body ratio?

Answer 72

2:5. which allows for greater range of motion in cervicals.

Question 73

what % of cervical curve height is from cervical disks?

Answer 73

25% of the lordotic curve height is from the disc thickness.

Question 74

which side of cervical disk is higher?

Answer 74

anterior side is higher contributing to a curve.

Question 75

where is the nucleus pulposus located?

Answer 75

slightly posterior to center.

Question 76

primary cervical motions?

Answer 76

flexion and extention it does best.

Question 77

how far can each cervical segment move?

Answer 77

it can flex 15 degrees per segment where the mid cervicals have greatest range at 20 degrees.

Question 78

what movments are combined to do cervical flex and extend?

Answer 78

movment is a combo of segmental tipping and gliding, so saggital rotation and translation.

Question 79

when flexing the cervical C3 to C7, what happens?

Answer 79

anterior joint compression etc like would expect, fascets glide apart, one move up on fascet causeing joint gap.

Question 80

How is extension of C3 to C7 different.

Answer 80

opposite disk movements and the fascets approximate instead of glide apart, and then there is comression at inferior margins of fascets.

Question 81

averace lateral flexion for each cervical segment?

Answer 81

7-8 degrees decreasing as you move down cervicals.

Question 82

what movement is lateral flexion of cervical coupled with?

Answer 82

same side axial rotation, think of and airplane turning.

Question 83

during lateral flexion what happens to facets?

Answer 83

Compress and move medial on side flexing toward, Move a part and laterally on side opposite of flexion.