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Biomechanics > intro to orthopedic injury > Flashcards

intro to orthopedic injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is a primary injury?

A

injury that results directly from the initial, immediate trauma associated with a particular mechanism of insult

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2
Q

What does direct or extrinsic injury mean?

A

trauma that occurs at apoint of impact where the foce meets the body

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3
Q

What does indirect of intrinsic injury mean?

A

a force meets the body in such a way that energy is transmitted to another part of the body.

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4
Q

Example of an indirect/intrinsic injury?

A

dislocated shoulder from falling on outstreatched hand.

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5
Q

What can cause an overuse injury?

A

acute repetitive friction or chronic repetitive microtrauma

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6
Q

What is a secondary injury?

A

additional injury that is a result of the primay injury

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7
Q

What are the two types of secondary injury?

A

secondary enzymatic and secondary hypotoxic

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8
Q

What does a short term secondary injury result from?

A

sequelae of injury if not managed properly.

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9
Q

What does short term secondary injury affect?

A

uninjured cells on periphery of primary lesion.

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10
Q

What does long term secondary injury lead to?

A

degenerative conditons, increases quanity of tissue damage and healing time

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11
Q

What is secondary enxymatic injury

A

when lysosomes release enzymes damaging surrounding cells causing cell death

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12
Q

What is secondary hypoxic/eschemic injury?

A

failure of vasculature to supply enough blood maybe from vascular and inflammatory changes that cause hypoxia.

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13
Q

What type of metabolism can happen in hypoxic injury?

A

a shift to anaerobic metabolism occures eventually leading to inability to produce enough ATP.

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14
Q

What happens to cells subject to hypoxic injury?

A

less atp means failure of ion pumps then swelling and cell death! Very importaint

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15
Q

What three physiological problems does ischemia cause?

A

hypoxia, inadequate supply of nutrients and inadequate removal of waste

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16
Q

what could cause ischemia?

A

damaged blood vessesl, clotting, inflammation, pressure, pain, swelling of injured cells.

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17
Q

What is tension?

A

a force that pulls tissues, tendon injuries.

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18
Q

Compression

A

forcefull blow to tissues

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19
Q

Example of compression injury?

A

contusion, fracture

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20
Q

Example of a tension injury

A

strain, cramp

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21
Q

What is shearing injury

A

force that moves parallel to the tissues

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22
Q

Example of shearing injury?

A

vertebral disk injury

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23
Q

What is torsion?

A

twisting or turning force, ends twist in opposite directions

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24
Q

What is bending injury?

A

horizontal force causing the tissue to bend or strain like in a spiral or greenstick fracture

25
Q

What is a stretching injury?

A

elongation of tissue and ligaments like in a sprain and strain.

26
Q

Difference between tension and stretch injury?

A

stretch injury tissute gets to long, in tension injury the tissue just gets pulled without elongation.

27
Q

What resistes tensile (tenson) forces?

A

tendons

28
Q

What resists compressive forces?

A

bones

29
Q

What do ligaments resist?

A

tensile force, just like tendons

30
Q

What five forces do discs resist?

A

tension, compression, shear and torsion.

31
Q

What is a bruise?

A

compression that causes bleeding under skin

32
Q

What is a contusion?

A

acute compression causeing hemorrhage of muscle tissue

33
Q

What is muscle cramp?

A

acute involuntary muscle contraction caused by dehydration or electrylyte imbalance.

34
Q

What is a muscle spasm?

A

reflex muscle contraction caused by acute trauma, it guards area.

35
Q

Muscle hypertonicity is what?

A

increased activity in normal tissue so it has greater tonicity, it can cause imbalances

36
Q

Muscle spasticity?

A

increase muscle tone at rest.

37
Q

what can result from an upper motor neuron lesion?

A

muscle spasticity.

38
Q

characterization of muscle spasticity?

A

increased resistance to passive stretch, exaggerated deep tendon relfex/clonus

39
Q

What is a sprain?

A

stretchin or tearing damage to ligament with a good chance of other tissues being torn.

40
Q

what are the three grades of sprain?

A

Grade 1 - mimimal with stability, Grade 2 - moderated with moderate stability, Grade 3 with extream pain and sever instability, needs surgery.

41
Q

what would cause a sprain?

A

sudden load, direct bload, repetitive overload, sustained postural overload.

42
Q

Which direction would be more difficult to move in

A

Movement in direction that would stretch ligament is painful.

43
Q

Would isometric muscle cause pain for a prain?

A

No pain for isometric contraction.

44
Q

Strain is what?

A

acute stretch, tear or rip in muscle or tendon

45
Q

What are the grades of a strain?

A

Grades one through three rateing the tear, and function loss from mimimal to severe.

46
Q

What would cause a strain?

A

sudden contraction, or stretch. Blow to muscle, conttusion or deep bruise

47
Q

what is the difference between sprain and strain with active and passive range of motion?

A

Sprain (strecthing) has painful active and passive motion, Strain (tearing) has painfull active motion but painless passive motion.

48
Q

Types of synovial joint injury?

A

acute synovitis, dislocation, subluxation, separation, intra-articular injury, extra articular injury

49
Q

Acute synovitis is ?

A

inflammation of synovial membrane

50
Q

Dislocation

A

complete separation between two articulating bones

51
Q

subluxation

A

incomplete separation between two articulation bones, (not a full dislocation

52
Q

Separation

A

increase in joint space between articulation surfaces.

53
Q

Intra-articular injury examples?

A

osteochondrosis, osteochrondritis dissecans, apophysitis, traumatic arthritis

54
Q

Extra-articular injury example?

A

bursitis, capsulitis, paratenonitis, tendonosis

55
Q

Exampes of perepheral nerve injury

A

burner, neuritis, sciatica, carpal tunnel, mortions neuroma

56
Q

what are the three stages of nerve injury?

A

neuropraxia, axontemesis, neurotmesis

57
Q

Neuropraxia

A

transient physiological block that is caused by ischemia from pressure or stretch of nerve with no degeneration.

58
Q

Aconotmesis

A

internal architecture of the nerve is preserved by axons are so badly damaged, + wallerian degeneration

59
Q

Neurotmesis

A

structue of nerve is destroyed by cutting, secere scarring or prolonged severe compression

Biomechanics (12 decks)

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