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Biomechanics > Biomechanics week 3 > Flashcards

Biomechanics week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

List the functional organization of skeletal muscle starting at the smallest.

A

sarcomere, myofibril, muscle fiber, muscle fascicle, skeletle muscle

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2
Q

what makes up sarcomere?

A

thick and thin filaments

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3
Q

What makes up myofibril?

A

a bunch of sarcomeres surrounded by a sarcoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

What maks up muscle fiber?

A

it?s a bunch of myofibrils (many sarcomeres) surrounded by endomysium

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5
Q

What makes up muscle fascicle?

A

bundle of many muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium

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6
Q

What make up a skeletle muscle?

A

bundle of muscle fascicles surrounded by epimysium

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7
Q

What does perimysium surround?

A

muscle fascicle

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8
Q

what does endomysium surround?

A

muscle fiber

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9
Q

what does epimysium surround?

A

the muscle

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10
Q

list the 5 basic components of the neuromuscular junciton

A

motor neuron, motor end plate, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters.

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11
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction?

A

place where axon and muscle fiber connect, muscle fiber is surrounded by endomysium

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12
Q

what is released at neuromuscular junction to generate muscle contraction?

A

Ach, acetylcholine from synaptic vesicles

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13
Q

How is muscle allowed to relax after contraction?

A

enzyme acetycholineresterase breaks down the acetylcholine

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14
Q

What metal is necessary for contraction?

A

Calcium, helps open the motor units to cross bridge formation

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15
Q

what is the motor unit?

A

the functional connection between nervous and muscular system consisting of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls (could be more than one)

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16
Q

How many muscle fibers can be innervated by one neuron?

A

several

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17
Q

How many motor neurons can innervate a single muscle fiber?

A

many neurons can act on a single fiber, they may all have different purpose

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18
Q

Fine motor control?

A

about 20 muscle fibers per neuron

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19
Q

Strength control?

A

about 1000 muscle fibers per neuron

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20
Q

What is muscle twitch?

A

single brief stimulus to a muscle that produces a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation lasting less than 1/10 second

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21
Q

can a muscle twitch do work?

A

no, its to small to do usefull work

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22
Q

Treppe is what?

A

relaxation that is complete before next stimulus of muscle, but each contraction is a bit stronger than before.

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23
Q

What is wave summation?

A

Temporal summation, where second stumulus is applied before relaxation is complete so that the next contraction is greater than if it was treppe

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24
Q

Tetanus is what?

A

Higher frequency of stimulaiton, the relaxation between contractions is reduced.

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25
Q

what is incomplete tetanus?

A

Can produce peak tension during rapidly alternating cycles of contraction and partial relaxation

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26
Q

Complete tetanus is what?

A

sustained maximal contraction at peak tension

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27
Q

What tetanus is typical of normal muscle contraction?

A

complete tetanus

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28
Q

What are the three phases of twitch?

A

latent, immediately after contraction, contraction where tension is increasing, and relaxation where tension is decreasing

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29
Q

what frequency of stimuli can cause treppe?

A

10-20 stinuli/sec, after a few they hit aplateau that they do not rise above

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30
Q

what is the frequency of wave summation?

A

20-40 stimuli/second, with each one arriving before the previous twitch is finnished

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31
Q

During what tetanus, do muscle fibers partially relax between contractions?

A

incomplete tetanus

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32
Q

what tetanus occurs at max frequency with no relaxation between contractions.?

A

conplete tetanus at 40-50 stimul a second

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33
Q

Rate muscle respones in order of force of contractions and rate of stimuli

A

single twitch, treppe, wave summation, incomplete tetanus, complete tetanus

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34
Q

What are the three functional classifications of neurons?

A

sensory
motor
interneuron

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35
Q

What type of neuron is sensory?

A

afferent - impulses go from receptors to the CNS

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36
Q

What type of neuron is motor?

A

efferent - impulses go from CNS to effector sites:
glands,
muscles
organs

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37
Q

What is an interneuron?

A

transmit impulses from neuron to neuron

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38
Q

What are the three type of nerve fibers?

A

A, B, and C nerve fibers, with A fibers further divided into subtypes

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39
Q

what are the fastest nerve fiber types?

A

the A fibers, they are myleinated

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40
Q

What are the 4 subtypes of the mylenated A fibers?

A 
Speed from fastest to slowest:
A-alpha, 
A beta, 
A gamma, 
A delta,
41
Q

Where would A-alpha fibers be found?

A

efferent motor neurons and muscle spindel afferents.

42
Q

What fibers have the largest diameter?

A
  • Its counter intuitive but the fibers with the larges diameters are the fastest
  • A alpha fibers are fastest, 100m/s
43
Q

what fiber detect skin temp and pain or noxious stimuli?

A

The slowest A fibers:

A delta fibers, at 15m sec

44
Q

What fiber are motor efferent to the muscle spindle?

A

A gamma, at 20 ms

45
Q

What does the A beta fiber do?

A

Afferent mechanoreceptors at 50 m/s

  • touch
  • pressure
46
Q

what are B fibers used for?

A

sympathetic:

- preganglionic fibers,

47
Q

what types of nerve fibers are mylenated?

A

the two fastest fibers, both A and B fibers, C fibers are super slow and unmyleinated

48
Q

Where are C fibers found?

A

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers:

  • pain,
  • burning
  • and aching,
  • itching .
49
Q

How does the Type I - IV nerves types line up?

A 
They are in order of largest and fastest to the slowest:
Type 1 -Aa,
Type II - Ab,
Type III- A gamma 
Type IV- C, the slow unmylenated
50
Q

what are the 5 basic components of the spinal cord reflex arc?

A 
sensory receptor, 
sensory neuron,
interneuron, 
motor neuron, 
effector organ
51
Q

what is the point of the basic functional unit of the nervous system, the reflex arc?

A

automatic response to stimulus without conscious thought, save time because the brain isn’t required to be involved

52
Q

Proprioception?

A

sense of positon and movement of body without using visuon

53
Q

what are the three mechanoreceptior that detect proprioception?

A

muscle spindle receptors,
golgi tendon organs,
joint kinesthetic receptors.

54
Q

what are muscle spindle fibers made of?

A

modified muscle fibers enclosed in capsule called intrafusal muscle.

55
Q

what is extrafusal muscle fiber?

A

voluntary skeletal muscle

56
Q

what would a spindle fiber detect?

A

Two things:

  • Rate of muscle fibers are stretched
  • Length of muscle stretch
57
Q

what are the two types of intrafusal fibers?

A

Nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers

58
Q

What is the nuclear bag in the centeral part of fiber sensitive to with its striated contractile parts?

A

Nuclear bag: sudden rate of change in muscle length

59
Q

what neuron type sends input to nuclear bag fibers?

A

gamma motor neurons go to Nuclear bag of muscle spindle fiber

60
Q

Where are chain fibers located?

A

spread chain like in center of fiber and attached to the ends of the nuclear bag

61
Q

what are chain fibers sensitive to?

A

Chain fibers of muscle spindle are sensitive to steady changes of length of the muscle

62
Q

what is the nuclear chain or bag fibers of the spindle sensitive to?

A

Bag - sudden changes,

Chain - steady changes

63
Q

is ther a non contractile region of the muscle spindle receptor?

A

Yes, the center part, wraped in sensory nerve that sends info to CNS

64
Q

what are the type of sensory nerve endings of spindle receptor?

A

Primary ending - Type I Aa

Secondary ending type II Ab

65
Q

which sensory nerve ending of spindle responds to overall length of muscle fiber?

A

Secondary type II, A-beta responds to overall length change of muscle fiber

66
Q

What does primary ending type I A spindle respond to?

A

Primary Type I is sensitive to rate ofchange in fiber length

67
Q

If the center of the spindle is wrapped in type IA and type II neruons, what neruons send info to spindle and where?

A

Gamma motor neurons, coming in to the muscle, slowest of the fast ones nerves, at the ends of the spindle fibers, give message to contract

68
Q

Why is spindle importaint?

A

helps us keep balance contracting extrafusal muscles without us thinking about it when necessary

69
Q

Is the spindle always set the same or can it change?

A

Gamma motor neurons let brain preset the sensitivity of spindle to stretch.

70
Q

What part of brain controls the stretch response of spindle fibers?

A

Cerebellum controls stretch response to spindle fibers,,

- it regulates muscle tone

71
Q

Where is a golgi tendon organ located?

A

Located at junction of tendon and muscle its the encapsulated nerve endings

72
Q

what does golgi tendon organ detect?

A
  • force of muscle contraction,
  • tendon tension, an
  • prevent contraction of muscle,
73
Q

What does golgi play role in?

A
  • muscle tone imbalance,
  • muscle spasms, and
  • tender points
74
Q

What type of innervation for Golgi?

A

Sensory only

- Type IB

75
Q

what does golgi detect?

A
  • Tendon tension

- rate of change

76
Q

What does the dynamic response respond to?

A

dynamic response responds to quick stretch

77
Q

What does the static response respond to?

A

Postural changes:

-Static response responds to sustained or gradual increase in tension

78
Q

What proprioceptors cause involuntary muscular relaxation?

A

golgi tenton organs cause involuntary relaxation

79
Q

Where is spindle located?

A

Spindle is inn muscle fiber while golgi in in tendon

80
Q

Type of innervation for spindle?

A

sensory and motor while golgi only has sensory

81
Q

Spindle detects?

A

muscle length and rate change

82
Q

What proprioceptors cause involuntary muscle contraction

A

spindle fibers. can cause involuntary muscle contraction while Golgi causes involuntary muscle relaxation

83
Q

What are the 4 types of joint kinesthetic receptors?

A

Small Ruffini,
Pacini,
Large Ruffini,
Free nerve endings

84
Q

Where would small ruffini be located, 3 places

A
  • Fibrous capsule of synovial membrane
  • capsular/cruciate ligaments and
  • knee menisci
85
Q

Where would pacini receptors be located 5 places

A 
Fibrous capsule, 
ligaments, 
knee menisci, 
adipose tissue,
annulus fibrosis cervical discs
86
Q

Large Ruffini is what?

A

golgi tendon organ so its in the tendons

87
Q

Where are large ruffini located?

A

ligaments,
Capsular between fibrous and synovial layers,
menisci, and
cervical discs

88
Q

Where are free nerve endings found?

A 
Free nerve endings, respond to rapid and sustained pressure:
capsule, 
fat pads, 
ligaments and 
menisci
89
Q

What are joint kinesthetic receptors?

A

encapsulated and free nerve endings and stretch receptors

90
Q

What do joint kinesthetic receptors detect?

A 
direction, 
acceleration, 
pressure, 
strain, 
postural change, 
skin receptor input
91
Q

What three reflexes do proprioceptors use to affect tone?

A

quick stretch,
reciprocal inhibition,
autogenic inhibition

92
Q

Quick stretch reflex uses what proproceptor?

A
  • muscle spindal- Monosynaptic,

- sensory neuron, then to alpha motor neuron, then to muscle

93
Q

What is the action of the quick stretch reflex?

A

Contraction of stretched muscle

94
Q

Proprioceptor of Recipical inhibition?

A

Muscle spindles, same as is used for quick stretch reflex

95
Q

What is the response for Recipical inhibition?

A

Inhibits muscle (relaxes) that is opposite of the one being contracted.

96
Q

Path of recipical inhibition

A
  • stretch muscle,
  • spindel afferent neruron to Spinal cord,
  • inhibitory interneuron to relax antagonist
97
Q

Autogenic inhibition uses what proprioceptor?

A

golgi tendon organ is used for autogenic inhibition.

98
Q

Response for autogenic inhibition is what?

A

Inhibitory response in mucle that is too tense either via shortening or lengthing muscle

99
Q

Sequence for Autogenic inhibiton

A
  • Stretch golgi,
  • Type IB afferent ,
  • Inhibitory neuron relax agonist,
  • Excitatory interneuron conract antagonist.

Biomechanics (12 decks)

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