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Biomechanics > biomechanics week 4 > Flashcards

biomechanics week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

motion that occurs between articular surfaces of joints

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2
Q

What are the shapes of the bones that make up most joint surfaces?

A

one convex and the other concave

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3
Q

Convex

A

curved out, hill

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4
Q

Concave

A

curved in, cave

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5
Q

why is the convex concave joint structure importaint? 4 reasons

A
  1. Increase contact area, 2. increase stability, 3. Increase dissipation of forces, 4. guides motion of bone
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6
Q

What are the 5 movements that occur between joint surfaces?

A
  1. Roll, 2. slide, 3. spin, 4. distraction and longitudinal traction, 5. compression
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7
Q

Roll

A

rotation across a surface/ multiple points along one contact multipul points along other surface

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8
Q

slide

A

gliding across surface/ single point on one surface contacts multiple points on another

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9
Q

spin

A

spin in one spot/single point on one surface rotates on single point on another articular surface around a stationary longitudinal mechanical axis

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10
Q

distraction and logitudinal traction

A

joint surfaces are pulled apart

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11
Q

compression

A

decrease in the space between two joint surfaces

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12
Q

Example where roll movement takes place?

A

femoral condyles rolling on tibial plateau

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13
Q

In what direction does roll occur in reguards to direction of movement?

A

Roll happened to the same direction as movement.

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14
Q

What joint movements often occur with roll? 2

A

Roll cocurs in combo with sliding and spinning

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15
Q

Example of slide?

A

carpal bones slide along their facet surfaces

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16
Q

Do concruent or uncongruent surfaces have the most slide?

A

Sliding happens on more congruent surfaces while spinning happens on uncongruent surfaces

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17
Q

What joints have a spin movement?

A

humeroradial joint for supination/pronation

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18
Q

Can spin occur by itself during normal joint motion

A

no, I think it always has another join motion with it.

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19
Q

When would distraction and longitudinal traction be used?

A

to stretch a joint capsule and mobilize a joint

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20
Q

Longitudinal traction

A

longitudinal pull along bone

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21
Q

distraction

A

pull, separtation of joint surfaces

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22
Q

spinal traction

A

longitudinal pull along axis of spine

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23
Q

compression

A

decrease in space between two joint surfaces

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24
Q

What is the normal response of a joint to muscle contraction

A

Compression, decreases the space between joint surfaces

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25
Q

what does compresson do?

A

adds joint stability

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26
Q

In the convex on concave and concave on convex motion, which one is anchored?

A

the second half is the shape that is anchored, convex on concave means that the concave side of joint is anchored

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27
Q

Movement of convex on concave joint?

A

convex joint suface is mobile, it slides in a direction opposite from where it rolls

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28
Q

Movement of concave on convex?

A

Concave joint surface is mobile, it slides in the same direction as it rolls.

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29
Q

what joint can be concave on convex on concave

A

the knee, its convex on concave if standing, its concave on convex if foot is swinging freely

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30
Q

Why do we care about the direction and movement and roll?

A

because when we facilitate joint movement we don?t want to do it in the wrong direction

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31
Q

Physiological movements

A

movement of bones done voluntarily , osteokinematics

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32
Q

acessory movements

A

movement necessary for normal joint range of motion but cant be preformed voluntairly.

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33
Q

Example of two acessory movements?

A

longitudinal traction and detraction

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34
Q

Example of a problem with acessory movements?

A

tighness in ligament and joint capsule can cause movement restrictions or aberrant joint motion

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35
Q

Joint play

A

motions that occur within joint but only as a response to an outside force

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36
Q

what determines joint play?

A

joint capsules laxity determines joint play

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37
Q

How can joint play be demostrated?

A

demonstrated passively but it cant be performed actively

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38
Q

End feel

A

way joint play movements are interpreted and measured

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39
Q

Is physiological mobilization osteokinematic or arthrokinematic?

A

physiological mobilization is osteokinematic

40
Q

What movements are arthrokinematic?

A

acessory movements - joint movement

41
Q

what rule would be followed to restore normal joint play?

A

follow convex-concave rule to increase pain free joint range of motion

42
Q

Movements of glenohumeral abduction? Why?

A

Roll, slide and spin, spin so greater trochanter doesn?t hit chornoid process

43
Q

Movement of knee extension (think standing up)

A

convex on concave, movements are roll, slide and spin

44
Q

Movement of knee flexion (think foot back to kick)

A

concave on covex, movement is roll slide and spin,

45
Q

Plane is determined by what?

A

flat surface determined by 3 points in space.

46
Q

what planes do we deal with?

A

saggital - splits us side to side, frontal- splits front to back, transfers- top to bottom

47
Q

What is plane motion?

A

motion in which all points of a rigid body move parallel to a fixed plane

48
Q

What is a saggital plane motion, remember sagital splits us into right and left

A

Flexion and extension, because when you flex/extend the movement is parallel to the saggital plane.

49
Q

What is normal frontal/coronal motion?

A

abduction adduction, because those movenets are parallel to the coronal plane

50
Q

What is normal motion of tranverse plane?

A

rotation, turning head, twisting., parallel to tranverse plane

51
Q

What are the dimential limitions of plane motion?

A

its two dimentional

52
Q

What are the dimential limitionas of out of plane motion?

A

its three dementional, all points of rigid don’t move in single plane, circumvex

53
Q

axis is what

A

line around which rotary movement or translation occurs

54
Q

what are the directions of the x axus

A
  1. x-side to side axis, perpendicular to saggital plane
55
Q

What are the directions of the Y axis?

A

y axis pointing up through skull, perpendicular to the transverse plane

56
Q

What are the directions of the z axis

A

z axis, front to back, perpendicular to the coronal/frontal plane

57
Q

Other name for z axis?

A

saggital

58
Q

Other name for y axis

A

longitudinal axis

59
Q

Other name for x axis

A

coronal/frontal axis

60
Q

What is ment by degrees of freedom?

A

number of ways in which body can move

61
Q

how many degrees of freedom does a spinal segment have

A

spinal segments have 6 degrees of freedom, 3 translations and 3 rotations,

62
Q

What is instaneous axis of roation?

A

idea that when a rigid body moves in a plane, there is a point maybe a hypothetical extention that doesn’t move

63
Q

what is used to descrive any vertebral motion in a two dementional plane?

A

instaneous axis of rotation

64
Q

Is the Instaneous axis of rotation the same for the entire spine?

A

No, its different for each section, thorasic, lumbar, cervical and different under different loads

65
Q

what is the functional unit of the spine?

A

motion segment

66
Q

What makes up a motion segment?

A

two adjacent vertebrae and their interconnecting disc, joints, capsule and ligaments

67
Q

characteristics of a motion segment?

A

smallest spinal segment (2) exhibiting biomechanical characteristics similar to those of the entire spine with 6 degrees of freedom

68
Q

what ligament is around articular fascets

A

capsular ligaments

69
Q

what is the pedicle joint called?

A

zygapophyseal joint with a joint space

70
Q

what is coupled motion?

A

two motions ocuring at the same time along different axes

71
Q

what joints have loose packed position?

A

fascet joints are loose packed half way between flexion and tension

72
Q

what is the loose packed joint position used for?

A

traction or joint mobilization

73
Q

what makes up a lose packed joint position?

A

1) capsule and ligamens are most relaxed, 2) maximum joint play is possible, 3) articulation surfaces are maximally separated

74
Q

what is a close packed joint position?

A

capsule and ligaments are maximally tightened with no joint play and maximal contact between articular surfaces

75
Q

when would there be close packed joint position of spine?

A

flexion or extension of spine.

76
Q

What spinal section is the most movable

A

cervical can do the most,

77
Q

what is the least movable section?

A

probably the thorasic, can barely do anything.

78
Q

What can the lumbar do best and worst?

A

Best at flex and extend, not so good at rotation

79
Q

what cervical part has most rotation?

A

the first one and skull

80
Q

does C1 do lateral bending?

A

nope

81
Q

What does better flexion and extension?

A

Lumbar does better flexion while cervical does more extension

82
Q

what has the best lateral flexion?

A

cervical can do the most,

83
Q

what section has best and worst rotation?

A

lumbar has worst rotation wile cervical and thorasic is almost equal

84
Q

where do the concyles of the occiput face?

A

laterally and inferiorly so they can sit in C1 articular facet

85
Q

Where to the atlas C1 facets face?

A

medially and superiouly so they fit the condyles of occiput

86
Q

what does the fascet/condyle joint allow?

A

rocking

87
Q

In which direction does the occipit glide?

A

Occiput glides posteriorly to flex 10 degress

88
Q

In which direction does occiput roll?

A

occiput rolls anteriorly to extend. 25 degrees

89
Q

Where is the greates range of motion?

A

CO and C1 (atlas)

90
Q

what is gliding and rolling during occiput C1 flexion?

A

Occiput rolls on side of flexion and glides on opposite side

91
Q

what limits CO-C1 rotation?

A

alar ligament 5 degrees each side.

92
Q

where does gliding and rolling happen during rotation?

A

glide posteriorly on side of rotaion and anteriorly on side opposites

93
Q

what is the atlas axis joint around odointoid process called?

A

atlas odontoid joint

94
Q

what type of joint is the atlas odontoid joint?

A

synovial

95
Q

what is the ligament that ties odontoid process in?

A

transverse ligament

Biomechanics (12 decks)

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