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Biomechanics > Biomechanics - lecture 1 > Flashcards

Biomechanics - lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 steps to therapeutic order?

A

1 - establish conditions for health 2- stimulate healing power 3- address weekened systems 4- correct structural integrity 5- address pathology natural 6 adress pathology synthetic 7 - supression or surgical removal

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2
Q

What is first order intervention for structural integrity?

A

Manipulation, thereputic exercise, massage, surgery ro micro repetitie stress, congenital conditons

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3
Q

How does second order intervention differ from first order?

A

surgry is for structural problems that are a resuld of stress on internal systems rather than congenital conditons repetitive stress or postural syndromes

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4
Q

What spinal leves does the synmpathetic nervous system come from?

A

T1 - L2

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5
Q

What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

What spinal level does the parasympathetic NS come from?

A

Cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 and S 2,3,4

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7
Q

Explain what somato visceral means?

A

Somato is like muscles and visceral is gut/organs stuff.

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8
Q

through what systems do Somato -visceral influences effect body?

A

Central NS, peripheral NS, autonomic NS

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9
Q

Through what systems do visceral-Somato influence body?

A

CNS, PNS, ANS

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10
Q

What are the two areas that the Viscero-Visceral reflexes are divided into?

A

local and systemic

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11
Q

What does the local Viscero-Viceral Reflex?

A

Local visceral visceral reflex influences the structure which generated the impulses

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12
Q

What does the systemic viscero-visceral Reflex influence?

A

Sytemic Visceral-Visceral reflex influences other structures in response to given stimuli

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13
Q

What is a psycho-somato-visceral reflex?

A

Mind influences the body and the body influences the mind via many innerconnections and interactions.

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14
Q

Kinesiology

A

the study of moiton or human movement

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15
Q

Biomechanics

A

applies to principles of physics to human motions

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16
Q

What do kinesiology and biomechanics help evaluate?

A

structure and function

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17
Q

Kinesiology and biomechanics involve what systems?

A

Neurological, skeletal, nusculotendinous structures

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18
Q

Kinematics

A

branch of biomechanics that describes motion of the body without regard to the forces or torque that may produce the motion

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19
Q

What are the two branches of kinematics?

A

osteokinematics and arthrokinematics

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20
Q

osteokinematics?

A

gross motion of joints in the cardinal planes

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21
Q

Arthrokinematics?

A

fine bone on bone motions within joints

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22
Q

What are the two types of kinematic motions?

A

Translation and rotation

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23
Q

How is the kinematic motion of translation described?

A

Linear motion in which all parts of body move in same motion,

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24
Q

what are the two types of translation kinematic motion?

A

Rectilinear and curvilinear

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25
Q

What does rectilinear movement mean?

A

gliding in a strait line while not chainging directional orientation

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26
Q

what does curvilinear movement mean?

A

where one point remains stationary but the other end glides in a curved line. The orientation still doesn’t change, left will still face left.

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27
Q

What is kinematic rotation motion?

A

body part moves in a circular path, in this movement the orientation changes, an elbow could do this movement

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28
Q

When running what part of body is doing a translation movement?

A

The pelvis, it is moving forward without really chainging orientation, rectilinear

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29
Q

When running what part of body is doing rotation?

A

Both the shoulder, knee and hip is rotating about and axis.

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30
Q

How can both translation or roatation be further described?

A

Two ways, either passive or active movement

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31
Q

What is the difference between active and passive movement

A

Active is caused by muscle action, passive is caused by sources outside body, ie gravity or another person

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32
Q

What is the saggital plane?

A

one that splits body to the right nd left

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33
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

Splits body front to back

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34
Q

transverse plane?

A

top and bottom, it?s a horizontal plane while the others are verticle

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35
Q

What is the axis of motion?

A

imaginary line perpendicular to the plane of motion and passing through center of rotation

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36
Q

Explain bones rotation within a joint in reference to axis or rotation?

A

Bones rotate in join in a blane that is perpendicular to the axis of rotation

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37
Q

What is the Y axis?

A

longitudinal (vertical) -its longitudinal, it runs vertically, perpendicular to the transverse plane

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38
Q

What is the X axis?

A

Frontal -It is horizontal, it runs side to side sot its perpendicular to the saggital plane

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39
Q

What is the Z axis?

A

Sagittal - It is also horizontal, it runs front to back and so is perpendicular to the coronal plane.

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40
Q

What is the axis or rotation for sagittal plane of motion

A

X axis which is frontal,

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41
Q

What are the common movements in the sagittal plane on the frontal axis (x)?

A

Flexion and extension, movments of limbs front to back.

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42
Q

What is the common action in frontal plane on saggital axis?

A

Frontal is X so the movement is out to and from body laterally, adduction and abduction.

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43
Q

How should I remember difference between plane and axis?

A

movement is in the plane perpendicular to axis

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44
Q

in terms of planes, how would flexing hip be described?

A

X axis (frontal) and the saggital plane is perpendicular to that.

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45
Q

In terms of axis and plane how would abduction of arm be described?

A

z axis (sagittal) and the Coronal or Frontal plane is perpendicular

46
Q

What is the axis and plane of rotation?

A

Plane is transverse and the Y axis (longitudinal) is parallel to that.

47
Q

What is a diagnal movement a combo of?

A

frontal and sagittal.

48
Q

osteokinematics describes what?

A

The motion of bones relative to the three planes of the body, Frontal, saggital and transverse

49
Q

What joints use a linear motion, ie gliding?

A

metacarpal, metatarsal, vertebral facets joints

50
Q

How is angular motion described (rotation)

A

motion causing either and increase or decrease in the angle between two bones in any body plane

51
Q

Angular motions include what 7 motions?

A

flexion, extention, hyperextension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

52
Q

Flexion describes what in terms of angular motion?

A

Flexion reduces angle between elements

53
Q

What does extension to do angle?

A

increases angle between bones

54
Q

what is hyperextension?

A

extension beyond the anatomical position.

55
Q

What relation does adduction/abduction have to axis?

A

they move tword or away from verticle axis

56
Q

What is circumduction?

A

circular motion without rotation

57
Q

A conbination of what movements cause circumduction?

A

flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction performed in succession

58
Q

Supination vs pronation

A

Supination, palm rotates up, pronation, palm rotates down.

59
Q

Inversion of foot? Eversion?

A

Inversion - turn sole inward/ Eversion - turn sole out

60
Q

elevation/depression

A

superior/inferior motion

61
Q

What is protraction

A

motion anteriorily in the horizontal plane

62
Q

What is retraction

A

Motion posterior in horizontal plane

63
Q

Oppoition

A

Thumb movement to fingers

64
Q

Repositon

A

Thumb movement back to anatomical

65
Q

How is wrist movement described?

A

radial or ulnar deviation which are both flexion

66
Q

What direction is thumb abduction?

A

Making thumb perpendicular to fingers

67
Q

What is kinematic chain?

A

series of articulated segments linked together

68
Q

Open kinematic chain? OKC

A

Distal segment of chain is not fixed to earth or immovable object so its free to move

69
Q

Closed kinematic chain ? CKC

A

Distal segment of chain is Fixed, makes proximal segment free to move

70
Q

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

A

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

71
Q

Synarthrosis

A

immovable

72
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

slightly movable

73
Q

diarthrosis

A

freely movable

74
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A

Fibrous, cartilagionous and synovial

75
Q

How does fibrous joint move?

A

fibrous is immovable so mostly synarthroses

76
Q

How does cartilaginous joint move?

A

some are moveable and other are slightly moveable, They can be either synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis

77
Q

How does synovial joint move?

A

freely movable so they are diarthrotic

78
Q

Two types of fibrous immovable joints?

A

sutures and gomphosis

79
Q

One type of fibrous slightly movable joint?

A

syndesmosis - between the long bones

80
Q

Two types of cartilagiinous joints

A

symphysis - pelvis and synchrondrosis at growing part of long bones

81
Q

what are the 6 types of diarthrodial dynovial joints?

A

arthrodial, ginglymus, trochoid, condyloid, sellar, enarthrodial

82
Q

Describe a fibrous joint?

A

Mostly or completely immovable, bones joined by dense fibrous tissue with no joint cavity present.

83
Q

Sutures joints are continuous with what?

A

periostium

84
Q

ossification of sutures in later life is called ?

A

synostosis

85
Q

What is the fibrous connection of gomphosis?

A

short peridontial ligament

86
Q

cartlatinous joints are what in general?

A

bones connected by some form of cartilage, no joint cavity, they may or may not be movable.

87
Q

What type of joint is the epiphyseal plate and costosternal joint?

A

cartilaginous - synchrondrosis

88
Q

example of cartilaginous symphysis joint?

A

intervertebral joint and pubic symphesis

89
Q

Explain a synovial joint?

A

Bones separated by a fluid filled joint cavity connected by ligaments of dense connective tissue

90
Q

What are 5 main features of synovial joint?

A

articular cartilage, articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial membrane that makes synovial fluid, outside reinforcing ligaments.

91
Q

What does synovial fluid have in large amounts?

A

hyaluronic acid

92
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

reduces friction, nourish articular cartilage, occupies free space in capsule.

93
Q

Additonal features of synovial features? 4

A

fat pads, fibrocartilage disk/meniscus, bursae, tendon sheath.

94
Q

What synovial joints also have a fat pad? Why?

A

Hip or knee, provides cushion, stability and reduces friction

95
Q

why do joints have fibrocartilage disks?

A

improve fit between bones, stabilization, redeuce wear and tear.

96
Q

What joints have fibrocartilage disks?

A

jaw, knee,

97
Q

What are bursa lined with? What are they for?

A

synovial membrane reduces friction between ligaments, muscles tendons and bones.

98
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

elongated bursa wraping around a tendon to lubricate moving tendon

99
Q

Name 6 synovial joints, common name?

A

gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket.

100
Q

What synovial joint is non axial?

A

gliding

101
Q

Name some gliding joints.

A

inter carpal and tarsal, facet joints

102
Q

Motion of a hinge joint?

A

motion around axis perpendicular to long axis of bone, like at elbow.

103
Q

Hinge joints only allow what motions?

A

flexion and extension.

104
Q

Pivit joints are found where?

A

atlanto axial and proximal radial joint.

105
Q

Motion of pivot joints?

A

Motion around single axis parallel to long axis of bone.

106
Q

condyloid jonts have what axis?

A

They have 2, biaxial, while pivot joints only have 1.

107
Q

What movements does condyloid joint permit?

A

all angular motions. Like at wrist and Metacarpal philangeal joint

108
Q

Where is the saddle joint and how many axis/

A

Thumb, and there are two axis

109
Q

What movements does saddle joint have?

A

flex/extend, add/abduct, sligh rotation, circumduction

110
Q

What joint has motion around 3 axis?

A

ball and socket

111
Q

what movements does ball and socket joint allow?

A

flex. Ext, add, abd, rotation, diagnal, circumduction

Biomechanics (12 decks)

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