Biomechanics - lecture 1 Flashcards
What are the 7 steps to therapeutic order?
1 - establish conditions for health 2- stimulate healing power 3- address weekened systems 4- correct structural integrity 5- address pathology natural 6 adress pathology synthetic 7 - supression or surgical removal
What is first order intervention for structural integrity?
Manipulation, thereputic exercise, massage, surgery ro micro repetitie stress, congenital conditons
How does second order intervention differ from first order?
surgry is for structural problems that are a resuld of stress on internal systems rather than congenital conditons repetitive stress or postural syndromes
What spinal leves does the synmpathetic nervous system come from?
T1 - L2
What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
What spinal level does the parasympathetic NS come from?
Cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 and S 2,3,4
Explain what somato visceral means?
Somato is like muscles and visceral is gut/organs stuff.
through what systems do Somato -visceral influences effect body?
Central NS, peripheral NS, autonomic NS
Through what systems do visceral-Somato influence body?
CNS, PNS, ANS
What are the two areas that the Viscero-Visceral reflexes are divided into?
local and systemic
What does the local Viscero-Viceral Reflex?
Local visceral visceral reflex influences the structure which generated the impulses
What does the systemic viscero-visceral Reflex influence?
Sytemic Visceral-Visceral reflex influences other structures in response to given stimuli
What is a psycho-somato-visceral reflex?
Mind influences the body and the body influences the mind via many innerconnections and interactions.
Kinesiology
the study of moiton or human movement
Biomechanics
applies to principles of physics to human motions
What do kinesiology and biomechanics help evaluate?
structure and function
Kinesiology and biomechanics involve what systems?
Neurological, skeletal, nusculotendinous structures
Kinematics
branch of biomechanics that describes motion of the body without regard to the forces or torque that may produce the motion
What are the two branches of kinematics?
osteokinematics and arthrokinematics
osteokinematics?
gross motion of joints in the cardinal planes
Arthrokinematics?
fine bone on bone motions within joints
What are the two types of kinematic motions?
Translation and rotation
How is the kinematic motion of translation described?
Linear motion in which all parts of body move in same motion,
what are the two types of translation kinematic motion?
Rectilinear and curvilinear
What does rectilinear movement mean?
gliding in a strait line while not chainging directional orientation
what does curvilinear movement mean?
where one point remains stationary but the other end glides in a curved line. The orientation still doesn’t change, left will still face left.
What is kinematic rotation motion?
body part moves in a circular path, in this movement the orientation changes, an elbow could do this movement
When running what part of body is doing a translation movement?
The pelvis, it is moving forward without really chainging orientation, rectilinear
When running what part of body is doing rotation?
Both the shoulder, knee and hip is rotating about and axis.
How can both translation or roatation be further described?
Two ways, either passive or active movement
What is the difference between active and passive movement
Active is caused by muscle action, passive is caused by sources outside body, ie gravity or another person
What is the saggital plane?
one that splits body to the right nd left
What is the coronal plane?
Splits body front to back
transverse plane?
top and bottom, it?s a horizontal plane while the others are verticle
What is the axis of motion?
imaginary line perpendicular to the plane of motion and passing through center of rotation
Explain bones rotation within a joint in reference to axis or rotation?
Bones rotate in join in a blane that is perpendicular to the axis of rotation
What is the Y axis?
longitudinal (vertical) -its longitudinal, it runs vertically, perpendicular to the transverse plane
What is the X axis?
Frontal -It is horizontal, it runs side to side sot its perpendicular to the saggital plane
What is the Z axis?
Sagittal - It is also horizontal, it runs front to back and so is perpendicular to the coronal plane.
What is the axis or rotation for sagittal plane of motion
X axis which is frontal,
What are the common movements in the sagittal plane on the frontal axis (x)?
Flexion and extension, movments of limbs front to back.
What is the common action in frontal plane on saggital axis?
Frontal is X so the movement is out to and from body laterally, adduction and abduction.
How should I remember difference between plane and axis?
movement is in the plane perpendicular to axis
in terms of planes, how would flexing hip be described?
X axis (frontal) and the saggital plane is perpendicular to that.
In terms of axis and plane how would abduction of arm be described?
z axis (sagittal) and the Coronal or Frontal plane is perpendicular
What is the axis and plane of rotation?
Plane is transverse and the Y axis (longitudinal) is parallel to that.
What is a diagnal movement a combo of?
frontal and sagittal.
osteokinematics describes what?
The motion of bones relative to the three planes of the body, Frontal, saggital and transverse
What joints use a linear motion, ie gliding?
metacarpal, metatarsal, vertebral facets joints
How is angular motion described (rotation)
motion causing either and increase or decrease in the angle between two bones in any body plane
Angular motions include what 7 motions?
flexion, extention, hyperextension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
Flexion describes what in terms of angular motion?
Flexion reduces angle between elements
What does extension to do angle?
increases angle between bones
what is hyperextension?
extension beyond the anatomical position.
What relation does adduction/abduction have to axis?
they move tword or away from verticle axis
What is circumduction?
circular motion without rotation
A conbination of what movements cause circumduction?
flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction performed in succession
Supination vs pronation
Supination, palm rotates up, pronation, palm rotates down.
Inversion of foot? Eversion?
Inversion - turn sole inward/ Eversion - turn sole out
elevation/depression
superior/inferior motion
What is protraction
motion anteriorily in the horizontal plane
What is retraction
Motion posterior in horizontal plane
Oppoition
Thumb movement to fingers
Repositon
Thumb movement back to anatomical
How is wrist movement described?
radial or ulnar deviation which are both flexion
What direction is thumb abduction?
Making thumb perpendicular to fingers
What is kinematic chain?
series of articulated segments linked together
Open kinematic chain? OKC
Distal segment of chain is not fixed to earth or immovable object so its free to move
Closed kinematic chain ? CKC
Distal segment of chain is Fixed, makes proximal segment free to move
What are the three functional classifications of joints?
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
Synarthrosis
immovable
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable
diarthrosis
freely movable
What are the three structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous, cartilagionous and synovial
How does fibrous joint move?
fibrous is immovable so mostly synarthroses
How does cartilaginous joint move?
some are moveable and other are slightly moveable, They can be either synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis
How does synovial joint move?
freely movable so they are diarthrotic
Two types of fibrous immovable joints?
sutures and gomphosis
One type of fibrous slightly movable joint?
syndesmosis - between the long bones
Two types of cartilagiinous joints
symphysis - pelvis and synchrondrosis at growing part of long bones
what are the 6 types of diarthrodial dynovial joints?
arthrodial, ginglymus, trochoid, condyloid, sellar, enarthrodial
Describe a fibrous joint?
Mostly or completely immovable, bones joined by dense fibrous tissue with no joint cavity present.
Sutures joints are continuous with what?
periostium
ossification of sutures in later life is called ?
synostosis
What is the fibrous connection of gomphosis?
short peridontial ligament
cartlatinous joints are what in general?
bones connected by some form of cartilage, no joint cavity, they may or may not be movable.
What type of joint is the epiphyseal plate and costosternal joint?
cartilaginous - synchrondrosis
example of cartilaginous symphysis joint?
intervertebral joint and pubic symphesis
Explain a synovial joint?
Bones separated by a fluid filled joint cavity connected by ligaments of dense connective tissue
What are 5 main features of synovial joint?
articular cartilage, articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial membrane that makes synovial fluid, outside reinforcing ligaments.
What does synovial fluid have in large amounts?
hyaluronic acid
What does synovial fluid do?
reduces friction, nourish articular cartilage, occupies free space in capsule.
Additonal features of synovial features? 4
fat pads, fibrocartilage disk/meniscus, bursae, tendon sheath.
What synovial joints also have a fat pad? Why?
Hip or knee, provides cushion, stability and reduces friction
why do joints have fibrocartilage disks?
improve fit between bones, stabilization, redeuce wear and tear.
What joints have fibrocartilage disks?
jaw, knee,
What are bursa lined with? What are they for?
synovial membrane reduces friction between ligaments, muscles tendons and bones.
What is a tendon sheath?
elongated bursa wraping around a tendon to lubricate moving tendon
Name 6 synovial joints, common name?
gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket.
What synovial joint is non axial?
gliding
Name some gliding joints.
inter carpal and tarsal, facet joints
Motion of a hinge joint?
motion around axis perpendicular to long axis of bone, like at elbow.
Hinge joints only allow what motions?
flexion and extension.
Pivit joints are found where?
atlanto axial and proximal radial joint.
Motion of pivot joints?
Motion around single axis parallel to long axis of bone.
condyloid jonts have what axis?
They have 2, biaxial, while pivot joints only have 1.
What movements does condyloid joint permit?
all angular motions. Like at wrist and Metacarpal philangeal joint
Where is the saddle joint and how many axis/
Thumb, and there are two axis
What movements does saddle joint have?
flex/extend, add/abduct, sligh rotation, circumduction
What joint has motion around 3 axis?
ball and socket
what movements does ball and socket joint allow?
flex. Ext, add, abd, rotation, diagnal, circumduction
