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Biomechanics - lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 steps to therapeutic order?

A

1 - establish conditions for health 2- stimulate healing power 3- address weekened systems 4- correct structural integrity 5- address pathology natural 6 adress pathology synthetic 7 - supression or surgical removal

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2
Q

What is first order intervention for structural integrity?

A

Manipulation, thereputic exercise, massage, surgery ro micro repetitie stress, congenital conditons

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3
Q

How does second order intervention differ from first order?

A

surgry is for structural problems that are a resuld of stress on internal systems rather than congenital conditons repetitive stress or postural syndromes

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4
Q

What spinal leves does the synmpathetic nervous system come from?

A

T1 - L2

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5
Q

What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

What spinal level does the parasympathetic NS come from?

A

Cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 and S 2,3,4

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7
Q

Explain what somato visceral means?

A

Somato is like muscles and visceral is gut/organs stuff.

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8
Q

through what systems do Somato -visceral influences effect body?

A

Central NS, peripheral NS, autonomic NS

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9
Q

Through what systems do visceral-Somato influence body?

A

CNS, PNS, ANS

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10
Q

What are the two areas that the Viscero-Visceral reflexes are divided into?

A

local and systemic

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11
Q

What does the local Viscero-Viceral Reflex?

A

Local visceral visceral reflex influences the structure which generated the impulses

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12
Q

What does the systemic viscero-visceral Reflex influence?

A

Sytemic Visceral-Visceral reflex influences other structures in response to given stimuli

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13
Q

What is a psycho-somato-visceral reflex?

A

Mind influences the body and the body influences the mind via many innerconnections and interactions.

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14
Q

Kinesiology

A

the study of moiton or human movement

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15
Q

Biomechanics

A

applies to principles of physics to human motions

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16
Q

What do kinesiology and biomechanics help evaluate?

A

structure and function

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17
Q

Kinesiology and biomechanics involve what systems?

A

Neurological, skeletal, nusculotendinous structures

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18
Q

Kinematics

A

branch of biomechanics that describes motion of the body without regard to the forces or torque that may produce the motion

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19
Q

What are the two branches of kinematics?

A

osteokinematics and arthrokinematics

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20
Q

osteokinematics?

A

gross motion of joints in the cardinal planes

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21
Q

Arthrokinematics?

A

fine bone on bone motions within joints

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22
Q

What are the two types of kinematic motions?

A

Translation and rotation

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23
Q

How is the kinematic motion of translation described?

A

Linear motion in which all parts of body move in same motion,

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24
Q

what are the two types of translation kinematic motion?

A

Rectilinear and curvilinear

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25
What does rectilinear movement mean?
gliding in a strait line while not chainging directional orientation
26
what does curvilinear movement mean?
where one point remains stationary but the other end glides in a curved line. The orientation still doesn't change, left will still face left.
27
What is kinematic rotation motion?
body part moves in a circular path, in this movement the orientation changes, an elbow could do this movement
28
When running what part of body is doing a translation movement?
The pelvis, it is moving forward without really chainging orientation, rectilinear
29
When running what part of body is doing rotation?
Both the shoulder, knee and hip is rotating about and axis.
30
How can both translation or roatation be further described?
Two ways, either passive or active movement
31
What is the difference between active and passive movement
Active is caused by muscle action, passive is caused by sources outside body, ie gravity or another person
32
What is the saggital plane?
one that splits body to the right nd left
33
What is the coronal plane?
Splits body front to back
34
transverse plane?
top and bottom, it?s a horizontal plane while the others are verticle
35
What is the axis of motion?
imaginary line perpendicular to the plane of motion and passing through center of rotation
36
Explain bones rotation within a joint in reference to axis or rotation?
Bones rotate in join in a blane that is perpendicular to the axis of rotation
37
What is the Y axis?
longitudinal (vertical) -its longitudinal, it runs vertically, perpendicular to the transverse plane
38
What is the X axis?
Frontal -It is horizontal, it runs side to side sot its perpendicular to the saggital plane
39
What is the Z axis?
Sagittal - It is also horizontal, it runs front to back and so is perpendicular to the coronal plane.
40
What is the axis or rotation for sagittal plane of motion
X axis which is frontal,
41
What are the common movements in the sagittal plane on the frontal axis (x)?
Flexion and extension, movments of limbs front to back.
42
What is the common action in frontal plane on saggital axis?
Frontal is X so the movement is out to and from body laterally, adduction and abduction.
43
How should I remember difference between plane and axis?
movement is in the plane perpendicular to axis
44
in terms of planes, how would flexing hip be described?
X axis (frontal) and the saggital plane is perpendicular to that.
45
In terms of axis and plane how would abduction of arm be described?
z axis (sagittal) and the Coronal or Frontal plane is perpendicular
46
What is the axis and plane of rotation?
Plane is transverse and the Y axis (longitudinal) is parallel to that.
47
What is a diagnal movement a combo of?
frontal and sagittal.
48
osteokinematics describes what?
The motion of bones relative to the three planes of the body, Frontal, saggital and transverse
49
What joints use a linear motion, ie gliding?
metacarpal, metatarsal, vertebral facets joints
50
How is angular motion described (rotation)
motion causing either and increase or decrease in the angle between two bones in any body plane
51
Angular motions include what 7 motions?
flexion, extention, hyperextension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
52
Flexion describes what in terms of angular motion?
Flexion reduces angle between elements
53
What does extension to do angle?
increases angle between bones
54
what is hyperextension?
extension beyond the anatomical position.
55
What relation does adduction/abduction have to axis?
they move tword or away from verticle axis
56
What is circumduction?
circular motion without rotation
57
A conbination of what movements cause circumduction?
flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction performed in succession
58
Supination vs pronation
Supination, palm rotates up, pronation, palm rotates down.
59
Inversion of foot? Eversion?
Inversion - turn sole inward/ Eversion - turn sole out
60
elevation/depression
superior/inferior motion
61
What is protraction
motion anteriorily in the horizontal plane
62
What is retraction
Motion posterior in horizontal plane
63
Oppoition
Thumb movement to fingers
64
Repositon
Thumb movement back to anatomical
65
How is wrist movement described?
radial or ulnar deviation which are both flexion
66
What direction is thumb abduction?
Making thumb perpendicular to fingers
67
What is kinematic chain?
series of articulated segments linked together
68
Open kinematic chain? OKC
Distal segment of chain is not fixed to earth or immovable object so its free to move
69
Closed kinematic chain ? CKC
Distal segment of chain is Fixed, makes proximal segment free to move
70
What are the three functional classifications of joints?
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
71
Synarthrosis
immovable
72
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable
73
diarthrosis
freely movable
74
What are the three structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous, cartilagionous and synovial
75
How does fibrous joint move?
fibrous is immovable so mostly synarthroses
76
How does cartilaginous joint move?
some are moveable and other are slightly moveable, They can be either synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis
77
How does synovial joint move?
freely movable so they are diarthrotic
78
Two types of fibrous immovable joints?
sutures and gomphosis
79
One type of fibrous slightly movable joint?
syndesmosis - between the long bones
80
Two types of cartilagiinous joints
symphysis - pelvis and synchrondrosis at growing part of long bones
81
what are the 6 types of diarthrodial dynovial joints?
arthrodial, ginglymus, trochoid, condyloid, sellar, enarthrodial
82
Describe a fibrous joint?
Mostly or completely immovable, bones joined by dense fibrous tissue with no joint cavity present.
83
Sutures joints are continuous with what?
periostium
84
ossification of sutures in later life is called ?
synostosis
85
What is the fibrous connection of gomphosis?
short peridontial ligament
86
cartlatinous joints are what in general?
bones connected by some form of cartilage, no joint cavity, they may or may not be movable.
87
What type of joint is the epiphyseal plate and costosternal joint?
cartilaginous - synchrondrosis
88
example of cartilaginous symphysis joint?
intervertebral joint and pubic symphesis
89
Explain a synovial joint?
Bones separated by a fluid filled joint cavity connected by ligaments of dense connective tissue
90
What are 5 main features of synovial joint?
articular cartilage, articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial membrane that makes synovial fluid, outside reinforcing ligaments.
91
What does synovial fluid have in large amounts?
hyaluronic acid
92
What does synovial fluid do?
reduces friction, nourish articular cartilage, occupies free space in capsule.
93
Additonal features of synovial features? 4
fat pads, fibrocartilage disk/meniscus, bursae, tendon sheath.
94
What synovial joints also have a fat pad? Why?
Hip or knee, provides cushion, stability and reduces friction
95
why do joints have fibrocartilage disks?
improve fit between bones, stabilization, redeuce wear and tear.
96
What joints have fibrocartilage disks?
jaw, knee,
97
What are bursa lined with? What are they for?
synovial membrane reduces friction between ligaments, muscles tendons and bones.
98
What is a tendon sheath?
elongated bursa wraping around a tendon to lubricate moving tendon
99
Name 6 synovial joints, common name?
gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket.
100
What synovial joint is non axial?
gliding
101
Name some gliding joints.
inter carpal and tarsal, facet joints
102
Motion of a hinge joint?
motion around axis perpendicular to long axis of bone, like at elbow.
103
Hinge joints only allow what motions?
flexion and extension.
104
Pivit joints are found where?
atlanto axial and proximal radial joint.
105
Motion of pivot joints?
Motion around single axis parallel to long axis of bone.
106
condyloid jonts have what axis?
They have 2, biaxial, while pivot joints only have 1.
107
What movements does condyloid joint permit?
all angular motions. Like at wrist and Metacarpal philangeal joint
108
Where is the saddle joint and how many axis/
Thumb, and there are two axis
109
What movements does saddle joint have?
flex/extend, add/abduct, sligh rotation, circumduction
110
What joint has motion around 3 axis?
ball and socket
111
what movements does ball and socket joint allow?
flex. Ext, add, abd, rotation, diagnal, circumduction

Biomechanics (12 decks)

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