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Biomechanics > Biomechanics - lecture 2 > Flashcards

Biomechanics - lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Three characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

Always attached to bone, responsible for movement of body and joints, aids fluid and blood movement

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2
Q

What is the force that muscle contractions produced to move joints called?

A

Torque

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3
Q

How many skeletal muscles?

A

over 600

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4
Q

What % of body weight is muscle?

A

40-50%

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5
Q

What does muscle provide for body?

A

protection, posture, and support

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6
Q

how many pairs of skeletal muscles?

A

215 that work in cooperation

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7
Q

what do pair of skeletal muscles do?

A

perform opposite actions at joints at which they cross

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8
Q

What is an aggregate muscle action?

A

muscles work in groups rather than independently to achieve motion

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9
Q

what does the fiber arrangment and muscle shape do?

A

affect muscles ability to exert force and affect range it can effectively exhert force

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10
Q

what does cross section diameter affect?

A

Greater cross section yields greater force exhertion

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11
Q

what muscles can shorten the most?

A

the longes ones,?sartorius

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12
Q

what muscles are more effective in moving joints throught large ranges of motion?

A

longer muscles

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13
Q

what are the 5 fiber arrangments of skeletal muscles?

A

parallel, fusiform, pennate, convergent, circular

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14
Q

Example of a parallel muscle?

A

sartarious

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15
Q

Example of a fusiform muscle?

A

biceps brachii, it has two heads

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16
Q

Example of a pennate muscle?

A

extensor digitorium longus ,

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17
Q

What are the types of pennate muscle?

A

unipenate or bipennate like the rectus femorus

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18
Q

Convergent muscle example?

A

pectoralis major

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19
Q

Circular muscle example?

A

orbicularis oris

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20
Q

If compairing a parallel muscle to a pennate muscle, what whould produce a greater range of movement?

A

The parallel muscle has greater range of movement for a similar size muscle.

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21
Q

What is the shape of a fusiform muscle?

A

Spindle shaped, parallel fibers with a large cross section diameter.

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22
Q

Similar sized pennate VS fusiform, what produces greater range of movement?

A

Fusiform will have greater range of movement over similarly sized pennate

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23
Q

Why do pennate seem to not have the larges range of motion?

A

they have shorter fibers

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24
Q

How are pennate muscles arranged?

A

Short fibers arranged obliquely to their tendons, like a feather.

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25
Q

What does the pennate muscle gain by their oblique arrangment to their tendon?

A

Increased power or tension.

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26
Q

What are the three types of pennate?

A

unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

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27
Q

Multipennate example?

A

deltioid

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28
Q

Bipennate example?

A

rectus femoris - middle head of quad

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29
Q

Unipennate example?

A

extensor digitorium longus ,

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30
Q

Expample of a convergent muscle?

A

pectoralis major

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31
Q

Describe a convergent muscle?

A

broad orgin, pointed orgin

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32
Q

Advantage of convergent muscles?

A

versatile direction of pull.

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33
Q

What are circular muscles used for?

A

concentric fibers are used to adjust openings

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34
Q

what is the strength?

A

Max force a muscle can generate for a single max effort,

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35
Q

what is the amount of tension a muscle can produce at one time?

A

strength

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36
Q

What is power?

A

work done over a time, or muscle that?s contracting in a very brief amount of time

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37
Q

What is torque?

A

muscle force causign rotary movment of a body around an axis, turning or twisting

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38
Q

what is muscle contracting in a very brief amount of time?

A

power

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39
Q

what is developed in a muscle as a result of a stimulus?

A

contraction or tension

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40
Q

what can cause, control or prevent joint movement?

A

muscle contraction

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41
Q

Muscle contractions must be one of what two things?

A

isometric or isotonic

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42
Q

what can initiate or accelerate movement?

A

contraction of muscle

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43
Q

what can slow down movement?

A

contraction of muscle

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44
Q

what can prevent body movement?

A

contaction of muscle

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45
Q

Wht type of contraction os isometric?

A

where there is tension but no movement, kid making muscle, static contractions

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46
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

A

concentric and eccentric

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47
Q

When does isometric conctaction occur?

A

when tension in muscle is the same as force appled to that muscle.

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48
Q

What is isometric contaction used for?

A

to stabilize joints.

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49
Q

Explain isotonic contaction.

A

muscle contraction that maintains tension under constant load.

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50
Q

What is dynamic contraction?

A

Tension is developed within muscle for either initiating movement or controlling movement.

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51
Q

Concentric contraction is what?

A

shortening

52
Q

Eccentric contraction is what?

A

legnthing contaction - negative

53
Q

When is concentric contraction used?

A

to initiate movement against gravity or resistance.

54
Q

When is eccentric contraction used?

A

used to decelerate body segment movement, results in controlled joint motion.

55
Q

what is a “line of Pull”?

A

The direction of movement produced by the contracting muscle, from orgin to incertion

56
Q

can a line of pull change during joint motion?

A

Line of pull may change during joint motion.

57
Q

what three things are line of pull a function of?

A

muscle attachment, plane of joint motion, muscle distance from joints axis.

58
Q

What can lead to muscle/joint injury?

A

if line of pull is altered from its optimal position due to weakenss or poor posture.

59
Q

Why can altered pull lead to injury?

A

because makes muscle inefficient so it works harder and has more strain leading to injury

60
Q

Expain line of pull change sinario?

A

Pectoralis is a flexor if arm is hanging but can be and abductor if arm is out. The line of pull is up in one and horizontal in the other.

61
Q

What is the “angle of pull”?

A

angle between the line of pull of the muscle and the bone that it incerts

62
Q

what changes the angle of pull?

A

THe angle of pull changes with every degree of joint movement.

63
Q

What is the force when the angle of pull is 90 degrees?

A

the force is 100% rotational

64
Q

What is always perpendicular to the lever (attachment) of muscle?

A

the vertical component, it causes rotational movement at joint axis

65
Q

what is always parallel to the lever?

A

the horizontal component, it causes non rotational movement at joint axis.

66
Q

what happens when angle of pull is 45 degrees?

A

rotational and stabilizing forces are equal.

67
Q

what “?of pull” affects the force applied to that joint?

A

angle of pull, the constantly changing angle

68
Q

what 6 things is muscle action dependent on?

A

number of motor units, type of motor units. Size, muscle length, angle of pull, speed of contraction.

69
Q

which direction does a muscle contract in?

A

pulls both ends to center.

70
Q

What direction does a bone ususally move?

A

the less stabalized , or open chain end bone ususally moves tword more stable bone.

71
Q

Range of motion depends on what?

A

length of muscle fibers

72
Q

Muscle power depends on what?

A

total number of muscle fibers, more fiber means greater power.

73
Q

what are the muscles shapes that have more power?

A

convergent, and pennate

74
Q

what are the 4 properties of muscle force production?

A

irritability, contactility, extensibility, elasticity

75
Q

Irritability means what?

A

Muscle that is sensitive to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimul

76
Q

What is contractility?

A

ability of muscle to contract/develop tension agains resistance when stimulated.

77
Q

What is extensibility?

A

ability of muscle to be passively stretched beyond its normal resting length

78
Q

What is muscle elasticity?

A

ability of muscle to return to its original length following stretch.

79
Q

How do all muscles always work?

A

in groups, they never work in isolation.

80
Q

How are muscles innervatied?

A

Innervated by one or more nerve, and one nerve may innervate more than one muscles.

81
Q

What is interdigitation?

A

one nerve innervation of more than one muscle and vice versa.

82
Q

What muscles share a tendon?

A

grastrocnemius and soleus muscles., or triceps brachii

83
Q

what are the 4 roles of muscles?

A

prime mover, antagonist, synergist, stabilizer

84
Q

Prime mover

A

mucle that move muscle primarily

85
Q

Antagonist

A

muscles that oppose or revers movement of prime mover.

86
Q

what happens to antagonist when prime mover is moving?

A

its relaxed allowing joint movement.

87
Q

What would slow or stop an action of a prime mover?

A

its antagonist, it can help control momentium

88
Q

Synergist

A

assists in same joint motion as agonis

89
Q

Stabilizers

A

act to control motion of prime mover

90
Q

How does a stabilizer help control muscle of prime mover?

A

Can immobilize orgin , ie shoulder blade, so prime mover the deltoid, can work more effectively.

91
Q

what is the general type of pull of the stabilizer?

A

isometric or isotonic, continuous low level activity

92
Q

Agaonis and antagonis of pronation?

A

Pronator teres and supinator

93
Q

Agonist and antagonis of supination

A

Supinator and pronator teres

94
Q

Elbow flexion agonist and antagonist?

A

biceps brachii and triceps brachii

95
Q

Flexion of shoullder, agonist and antagonist?

A

Ant delt, post delt.

96
Q

Inernal rotation of shoulder agonist and antagonist

A

subscap/teres maj and infraspinatus/teres minor

97
Q

external rotation os shoulder angonis and antagonist

A

infraspinatus/teres min, and subscapularis/teres maj

98
Q

Internal rotation of hip agonist and anatagonis

A

glut med/min and glut max/piriformis

99
Q

hip adduction agonis and antagonist

A

adductor group and glut med/mid

100
Q

Lever

A

rigid bar that moves on a fixed point, bones

101
Q

Fulcrum

A

fixed point of leverage, joints

102
Q

Effort

A

force applied to move resistance, torque tension

103
Q

load

A

resistance to be moved, bone, tissue, object

104
Q

what is the function of a lever?

A

to convert force to torque, rotaton of bone

105
Q

what forces can produce torque throughout the body?

A

internal andexternal forces

106
Q

What are the 3 forces that are involved with ms levers produced by?

A

muscle, gravity, external physcal contacts

107
Q

Where is the load in a power lever with mechanical advantage?

A

Load is really close to fulcrum (joint)

108
Q

where is effort applied in mechanical advantage power lever?

A

effert is far away, little effort over long distance.

109
Q

What lever has load far from the fulcrum?

A

mechanical disadvantage lever, speed lever

110
Q

what is advantage of speed lever?

A

move lever rapidly through large range of motion

111
Q

Where is effort applied in mechanical disadvantaged speed lever?

A

effert is very near fulcrum (joint)

112
Q

what does a lever allow for?

A

move a heavier load or a load farther or faster than otherwise.

113
Q

what are the classes of lever?

A

first class, second class, third class

114
Q

where is fulcrum in first class lever?

A

Between effort and load, its in the middle

115
Q

example of first class lever?

A

atlanto occipital joint

116
Q

What is second class lever?

A

The load lies between fulcrum and effort, just like wheel barrow

117
Q

Advantage of second class lever?

A

great strength, althogh there is less speed and range of motion.

118
Q

example of second class lever?

A

plantar flexion,

119
Q

What type of mechanical advantage does a second class lever work at

A

It works at mechanical advantage

120
Q

what type of lever are most in the body?

A

third class levers

121
Q

What is the third class lever?

A

effort is applied between load and fulcrum, like arm curl.

122
Q

what is the advantage of third class?

A

fast large movement with little effort.

123
Q

What is the mechanical advantage type of third class lever?

A

mechanical disadvantage lever, like a speed lever.

124
Q

hat would differences in positioning of effort, load and fulcrum change?

A

speed, range of motion, weight that can be moved

125
Q

Mechanical disadvantage lever

A

Third Class , effort close to fulcrum, force not strong, speed, range of motion

126
Q

Mechanical advantage lever

A

second class, effort farther than load from fulcrum, strong, slower, less ranger, greater stability

Biomechanics (12 decks)

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