lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

2 categories of cell communication

A
  1. local
  2. long distance (neuronal, endocrine)
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2
Q

3 types of local cell-cell communication

A
  1. gap junctions
    = direct cytoplasmic connections, adjacent cells
  2. contact-dependent signals
    = interaction between membrane molecules on two cells
  3. autocrine/paracrine signals
    = act on the same cell that secreted them!!!!

Paracrine signals are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells

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3
Q

long distance communication

A

hormones are secreted by endocrine glands or cells into the blood

Neurotransmitters

only target cells with the receptors for the hormone will respond to the signal

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4
Q

4 classes of chemical signalling molecules

A
  1. amino acids
  2. amines
  3. peptides or proteins
  4. steroids
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5
Q

amino acids example

A

glutamate, glycine, GABA

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6
Q

amines example

A

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, seretonin

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7
Q

peptides or proteins example

A

insulin, glucagon

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8
Q

steroids example

A

estrogen, testosterone
(derived from cholesterol)

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9
Q

receptor locations

A

can be intracellular signal receptors or cell membrane receptors

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10
Q

4 categories of membrane receptors

A
  1. Receptor-channel
  2. Receptor-enzyme
  3. G protein-coupled receptor
  4. Integrin receptor
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11
Q

Receptor-channel/Ligand-gated channels (describe)

A

ligand binding opens or closes the channel

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12
Q

Receptor-enzyme/Enzyme-linked receptors (describe)

A

ligand binding to a receptor-enzyme activates an intracellular enzyme

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13
Q

GPCR (describe)

A

ligand binding to a G protein coupled receptor opens an ion channel or alters enzyme activity

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14
Q

Integrin receptor

A

ligand binds to integrin receptors and alters the cytoskeleton

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15
Q

Give an overview of signal transduction

A

-Signal molecule bind to
-Receptor protein which activates
-Intracellular signal molecules which alter
-Target proteins which create a
-Response

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16
Q

what do kinases do?

A

phosphorylate proteins

17
Q

phosphatases

A

dephosphorylate proteins

18
Q

Ca2+ signalling: 2 mechanisms

A
  1. voltage gated channels
  2. ligand gated channels/mechanically gated channels
19
Q

Calcium acts as an

A

intracellular messenger

calcium can also be released from stores by second messengers

20
Q

what are the two possible effects of Ca2+ in the cytosol increasing?

A
  1. Calmodulin: alters protein activity
  2. Other calcium binding: exocytosis and movement