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205 > lecture 13- sensory I > Flashcards

lecture 13- sensory I Flashcards

1
Q

somatic senses

A

touch, temperature, pain and itch

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2
Q

special senses

A

sight, smell, taste, hearing

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3
Q

somatic senses information goes to the

A

primary sensory cortex

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4
Q

stimulus is determined by a —-

A

sensory receptor

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5
Q

sensory receptor detects stimulus and sends signal via

A

neurons to/within the CNS

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6
Q

after sensory signal reaches the CNS, 2 things can happen:

A
  1. the signal reaches cerebral cortex and enters our consciousness
  2. signal does not reach the cerebral cortex
    - stimulus is processed and a response is elicited without our conscious awareness
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7
Q

give examples of a signal that does not reach the cerebral cortex (or our conscious awareness)

A

rate of gastric motility in small intestine

heart rate minute to minute

blood pressure…

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8
Q

at each synapse, sensory info is modulated and shaped by —- pathways

A

3 pathways

-pathways contain a primary, secondary and tertiary neuron

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9
Q

convergence and divergence would be an example of

A

modulation at each synapse

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10
Q

stimuli: subconscious processing example

A

muscle length, tension
proprioception
blood pressure
blood glucose
internal body temp
pH of cerebrospinal fluid
lung inflation

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11
Q

perceived stimuli examples

A

special senses= vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

somatic senses= touch, temp, pain, itch, proprioception

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12
Q

incoming sensory afferent info goes to the

A

primary sensory cortex in the parietal lobe!!!
that is where it is perceived :)

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13
Q

sensory receptors are —-

A

transducers

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14
Q

sensory receptors convert

A

a stimulus into an intracellular response

they may or may not be neurons

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15
Q

4 main types of sensory receptors

A

chemoreceptors
-pH, Na+, oxygen, glucose

mechanoreceptors
-pressure, vibration, gravity, acceleration, sound waves

thermoreceptors
-hot/cold

photoreceptors
- light

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16
Q

receptor potential

A

a stimulus changes the membrane potential of the receptor cell
(a graded potential occuring in a sensory cell)

  • can be depolarization OR hyperpolarization
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16
Q

adequate stimulus

A

favourite stimuli!!!

the form of energy that the sensory receptor is most responsive to
–> the receptor may respond less strongly to other types of stimuli

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17
Q

when light photons fall on to the retina in the eye, rods and cones…

A

hyperpolarize

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18
Q

when skin is touched, touch receptors…

A

depolarize

19
Q

Threshold stimulus
(and what are the 2 possible responses)

A

the minimum stimulus needed to generate enough of a receptor potential to produce an intracellular response

–> AP firing (if the receptor is a neuron)
OR
–> NT release (non-neuron receptors)

20
Q

where does transduction occur? (in sensory receptors that are neurons)

A

transduction occurs at the receptor end of primary sensory neurons

21
Q

sensory receptors that are not neurons

A

receptor cell is separate from the primary sensory neuron

22
Q

most special senses receptors are cells that …

A

release NT onto sensory neurons, initiating an AP

23
Q

what is the exception for special senses cells that release NT onto sensory neurons and initiate an AP

A

olfaction

24
Q

2 groups of threshold stimulus

A
  1. sensory neurons
    - fire APs, transmitted to CNS
  2. specialized sensory receptors (not a neuron)
    - generate graded potentials that lead to NT release
    - NT released onto partner neuron
25
Q

example of a slow sensory receptor

A

pain and temp receptors (unmyelinated)

synapses in the gray matter of the spinal cord in the dorsal (afferent) region

26
Q

example of a fast sensory receptor

A

touch receptor

myelinated neuron, not specialized
- stimulus (pressure) leads to AP in sensory neuron
- AP travels up spinal cord, primary neuron –> secondary neuron

27
Q

how are stimulus properties distinguished?
4 things

A
  1. Modality: what kind is it?
    -labeled line coding
  2. Location: where is it?
    - receptive fields, input convergence, lateral inhibition, anatomical map
  3. Intensity: how strong is it?
    -population and frequency coding
  4. Duration: how long does it last
28
Q

each stimulus moduality has its own unique…

A

pathway
(sight, hearing)

28
Q

cerebral cortex:
where is more cortical tissue found?

A

cortical tissue is found in more sensitive areas

28
Q

Synesthesia

A

“crossed wires”
- ex. hearing colours

28
Q

Thalamus=

A

the central hub through which sensory info has to pass

28
Q

perception threshold

A

the minimum stimulus needed to activate secondary and tertiary neurons in the pathways (not just the primary neuron)

28
Q

small receptive fields are found in more —- areas

A

sensitive

–> two stimuli activate separate pathways to the brain
–> the two points are perceived as distinct stimuli and there is two point discrimination

29
Q

Convergence creates — receptive fields

A

larger
–> two stimuli in the same receptive field means no two-point discrimination.
it is perceived as a single point.

29
Q

lateral inhibition

A

inhibits a neuron laterally (on either side)

one pathways is maximally activated while the other is “turned down”

29
Q

cerebral cortex receptive field properties:

A

specific areas in the cerebral cortex correspond to specific receptive fields

ex. somatosensory cortex has ascending tracts from a body part that has a specific corresponding region of the cerebral cortex (labeled line coding)

30
Q

larger areas on the humunculus are more likely to have

A

two point discrimination

31
Q

stimulus intensity is coded by 2 things:

A
  1. number of receptors activated (population coding)
  2. frequency of action potentials (frequency coding)
32
Q

coding for stimulus duration

A

stimulus duration is coded by duration of action potential trains

–> some receptors can adapt or cease to respond

33
Q

Tonic receptors vs phasic receptors

A

tonic receptors adapt slowly (fire for the duration of stimulus)

phasic receptors adapt quicky (fire only when a stimulus changes)

34
Q

sensory neurons use AP —- to code stimulus —-

A

frequency to code stimulus intensity

34
Q

cutaneous receptors (3)

A
  1. touch (mechanoreceptors)
    - pressure, vibration, stretch, flutter…
  2. pain and itch (nociceptors)
  3. temperate (thermoreceptors)
34
Q

sensory neurons use —- to code stimulus —

A

burst duration to code stimulus duration

34
Q

pacinian corpuscles (a cutaneous receptor)

A

stimulus= vibration
location= deep layers of skin
stucture= encapsulated in connective tissue
rapid adaptation

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