lecture 10/11- CNS

Question 1

meninges are

Answer 1

tissue membranes that lie between bones and the soft tissues of the CNS

Question 2

meninges lie between bone and CNS tissues to…

Answer 2

stabilize and protect neural tissue

Question 3

what is in the meninges?

Answer 3

• dura mater
• arachnoid membrane
• pia mater

Question 4

Functions of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 4

1. physical protection
   - keeps brain tissue buoyant, reduces pressure
   - absorbs shock
2. chemical protection
   - acts as a vehicle for delivering nutrients to the brain
   -removes waste
   - allows for a tightly regulated extracellular environment

Question 5

where is CSF produced?

Answer 5

produced the the choroid plexus of the ventricles

Question 6

What is the choroid plexus of the ventricles?

Answer 6

• meeting of capillaries and ependymal cells
• plasma is filtered into ventricles
  –> ependymal cells selectively transport solutes, water flows by osmosis

Question 7

CSF reabsorbtion

Answer 7

it is reabsorbed into the blood at arachnoid villi

Question 8

blood-brain barrier

Answer 8

tight junctions prevent movement of larger solutes between endothelial cells

Question 9

brain capillaries have — juncitions

Answer 9

tight

limits movement of hydrophilic substances that would otherwise pass easily through paracellular pathway

Question 10

metabolic needs of neural tissue: oxygen

Answer 10

oxygen passes freely across the BBB

brain receives 15% of blood pumped by heart at rest

Question 11

metabolic needs of neural tissue: glucose

Answer 11

brain is responsible for about 20% of the body’s total glucose consumption

progressive hypoglycemia leads to confusion –> unconsciousness –> death

Question 12

gray matter of the brain

Answer 12

clusters of cell bodies= nucleus

dendrites, synapses

Question 13

white matter of the brain

Answer 13

tracts of myelinated axon fibers

contains very few cell bodies

Question 14

dorsal and ventral horn of the spine

Answer 14

dorsal= back= sensory= afferent
ventral= front= motor= efferent

Question 15

ascending and descending tracts

Answer 15

ascending tracts= bundles of axons carrying messages from spinal cord to the brain

descending tracts= bundles of axons carrying messages from the brain to the spinal cord

Question 16

3 brain regions to know

Answer 16

1. forebrain
2. brainstem
3. cerebellum

Question 17

cerebellum is for

Answer 17

motor memory, coordination, movement and execution

“little brain”

integrates sensory and efferent information to ensure movement is coordinated

Question 18

3 sections in the brainstem
MC QUESTION

Answer 18

1. medulla
   =regulates HR
2. pons= respiration “highway”
3. midbrain= motor learning

Question 19

where do the 12 cranial nerves emerge from

Answer 19

the brainstem

Question 20

name 5 cranial nerves

Answer 20

olfactory
optic
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus

Question 21

what is the function of basal gangia?

Answer 21

control of limb movement, eye movements, cognitive functions

Question 22

what diseases would loss of neurons in the basal ganglia region cause?

Answer 22

parkinson’s disease
huntington’s disease

Question 23

thalamus

Answer 23

relay station; receives sensory and motor info

projects fibers to cerebrum for information processing

Question 24

hypothalamus

Answer 24

homeostasis and behaviour

Question 25

pituitary gland

Answer 25

anterior= secretes hormones

posterior= secretes neurohormones made in the hypothalamus (oxytocin and vasopressin)

Question 26

pineal gland

Answer 26

secretes melatonin
regulates sleep/wake cycles

Question 27

what is the hypothalamus referred to as?

Answer 27

homeostatic control center

• activates SNS
• maintains body temp
• body osmolarity
• reproductive funtions (oxytocin, FSH, LH)
• food intake
• limbic system (emotions)
• cardiovascular control center
• secretes tropic hormones

Question 28

limbic system

Answer 28

lies around the brainstem

centers for emotion, memory and learning are found here

Question 29

3 components of the limbic system

Answer 29

-cingulate gyrus
- hippocampus
- amygdala

Question 30

broca’s area

Answer 30

expression and vocalization occurs in broca’s area

Question 31

Wernicke’s area

Answer 31

initial sensory processing (understanding) occurs in Wernicke’s area

Question 32

damage to broca’s area?

Answer 32

expressive aphasia

• can understand but can’t express themselves/respond
  -frustrating for patient

Question 33

damage to wernicke’s?

Answer 33

receptive aphasia

• loss of understanding but expression maintained (without meaning)