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205 > lecture 14- chemoreception and auditory system, sensory II > Flashcards

lecture 14- chemoreception and auditory system, sensory II Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptor in olfactory system

A

= olfactory neuron (primary neuron)

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2
Q

What is olfaction

A

smell

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3
Q

olfactory cilia (dendrites) contain

A

odorant receptor proteins
and they project downwards into the mucous layer

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4
Q

axons project upwards though the —- in olfactory neurons

A

lamina propria and bone

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5
Q

the olfactory neurons synapse with the

A

secondary sensory neurons in the olfactory bulb

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6
Q

olfactory neurons only live in the olfactory epithelium for about

A

2 months, after that they are replaced by new neurons whose axons need to find a way into the olfactory bulb

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7
Q

what carries info to the olfactory bulb?

A

olfactory neuron axons (cranial nerve I)

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8
Q

the basal cell layer includes —- that replace olfactory neurons

A

stem cells

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9
Q

what must dissolve in the mucous layer?

A

odorant molecules

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10
Q

what do odorant receptors do once they enter the mucus layer and dissolve?

A

they bind to specific odorant receptors that are located on the cell membrane of dendrites

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11
Q

humans have about —- different odorant receptors

A

400

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12
Q

what are odorant receptors

A

GPCRs and they are all linked to specialized G proteins

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13
Q

each neuron expresses —- type of odorant receptor

A

only 1

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14
Q

combinations of activated receptors and neurons allow us to smell —– odors

A

about 5000

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15
Q

a perceived odor may involve a combination of —–

A

types of odorant receptors

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16
Q

signal transduction in the olfactory system
(how is an AP produced in 5 steps)

A
  1. odor molecule binds to a GPCR
  2. activated G protein (Golf) activates adenylyl cyclase
  3. adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  4. cAMP opens cyclic nucleotide-gated Na+ channels
  5. sufficient receptor potential produces an action potential at the axon hillock
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17
Q

explain why the olfactory system is linked with the limbic system and cerebral cortex

A

smell is linked with emotion and memory

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18
Q

does the olfactory pathway go through the thalamus?

A

NO!! the olfactory pathway bypasses the thalamus

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19
Q

explain the pathway of the olfactory system using anatomy

A

olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium

cranial nerve I

olfactory bulb

olfactory tract

olfactory cortex
–> the cerebral cortex and limbic system

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20
Q

gustatory system

A

taste

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21
Q

each taste bud= — taste cells

A

50-150

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22
Q

each taste bud is composed of

A

taste cells joined near the apical surface with tight junctions

23
Q

taste ligands create — signals that release —-

A

Ca2+ signals that release serotonin or ATP

24
Q

taste cells are…

A

non-neuronal and each is sensitive to a particular taste ligand

taste cells are polarized: receptor potential at the apical membrane; communicates with primary sensory neuron at the basal membrane

25
Q

the intracellular pathway is — for every type of taste cell

A

different

26
Q

5 tastes

A

sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami

27
Q

type I support cells may sense

A

salt when Na+ enter through channels

28
Q

receptor cells with GPCR membrane receptors bind either…

A

bitter, sweet or umami ligands and release ATP as a signal molecule

29
Q

type 2 cells/receptors express GPCRs for either

A

sweet, umami or bitterness

30
Q

Gustatory system: which nerves are signals carried along?

A

facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) cranial nerves

31
Q

describe the 5 steps of gustatory signal transduction

A
  1. ligands activate the taste cell
  2. various intracellular pathways are activates
  3. Ca2+ signal in the cytoplasm triggers exocytosis or ATP formation
  4. NT or ATP is released
  5. Primary sensory neuron fires and AP are sent to the brain
32
Q

gustatory system route of signal

A

through the thalamus and then gustatory cortex

33
Q

what is signal transduction

A

how an AP is produced

34
Q

auditory system: what is sound?

A

sound is the perception and interpretation of air waves

(specifically pressure waves)
pressure waves= sinusoidally varying density of air molecules

35
Q

amplitude determines

A

volume
bigger amplitude= louder (dB)

36
Q

frequency determines

A

pitch
high frequency= higher pitch (Hz)

37
Q

Ear anatomy: pinna

A

the pinna directs sound waves into the ear

38
Q

the outer ear

A

an air filled space.
the pinna acts as a funnel for sound waves

39
Q

tympanic membrane

A

separates outer and middle ear “drum”

40
Q

middle ear contains

A

incus, malleus and stapes
( 3 smallest bones in the body)

air filled space

41
Q

oval window

A

IN

42
Q

round window

A

OUT

43
Q

explain how a pressure wave is converted to a fluid wave

A

the pinna guides pressure waves in

the wave strikes the tympanic membrane

the tympanic membrane taps on the malleus, taps on the incus, incus taps on stapes and stapes taps on the oval window

the oval window converts mechanical energy to fluid energy

fluid waves push the flexible membrane of the cochlear duct. hair cells bend and ion channels open. Electrical signal alters NT release

NT release onto sensory neurons create an AP that travels through the cochlear nerve to the brain

then a fluid wave is expelled out the round window

44
Q

the inner ear is — filled

A

fluid-filled

45
Q

the oval window and the round window separate the —– from the —

A

fluid-filled inner ear from the air-filled middle ear

46
Q

the cochlea

A

“unroll” it to view the structures

cochlear duct is filled with endolymph
vestibular and tympanic ducts are filled with perilymph

-round window, tympanic duct, basilar membrane, helicotrema (apex)

47
Q

perilymph is like

A

ECF
- similar composition to plasma

48
Q

endolymph is like

A

ICF
- K+

49
Q

helicotrema (ear anatomy)

A

is the tip where endolymph and perilymph meet

50
Q

there is a ridge of epithelial cells along the whole length of the

A

basilar membrane

–> hair cells (for transduction)
–> support cells

51
Q

Hair cells in the ear

A

cilia

receive info

hair cells transform mechanical energy into membrane depolarization or hyperpolarization

when stereocilia bend, they cause the tip links to open/close gated ion channels

ion channels mostly allow for Ca2+ or K+ flow

52
Q

Tips of cilia/hair cells are embedded in the

A

tectorial membrane

-tectorial perturbation moves cilia

Trp, mechanically gated channels, pass K+ IN

Trp channel opens, K+ In depolarizes, spits out NT (glutamate) onto the primary neuron in response to depolarization

53
Q

how do we detect different sound frequencies/pitch

A

different frequency sounds cause vibration of different regions of the basillar membrane
- code for differences in pitch

ex. labelled line coding from basillar membrane allows brain to interpret the diff inputs as diff frequencies/pitch

54
Q

does sound go to both sides of the brain

A

yes!
sound is processed so that information from each ear goes to both sides of the brain

205 (27 decks)

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