Lecture 4 Flashcards
Defined culture media
precise amounts of purified chemicals
complex culture media
more often used
include extracts of impure substances (ex. yeast extract)
catabolic reactions
energy-releasing
breaking down molecules
anabolic reactions
energy-requiring
building molecules
Methanogenesis
prokaryotes producing methane
restricted to specific spots on planet because low energy
stomach of a cow
Two examples of catabolism
fermentation and respiration
Phosphorylation
substrate-level: ATP produced by intermediates
oxidative: ATP produced by proton motive force
glycolysis
breaking down glucose into pyruvate
pathway in fermentation and respiration
2 ATP produced (substrate-level)
fermentation is breaking down a pyruvate to…
lactic acid and ethanol+CO2
*no additional every for cells
*large amounts of by-productions
citric acid cycle/krebs cycle
pyruvate to CO2
succinyl CoA to succinate (2 atp produced)
electron carriers (28 atp produced–oxidative)
electron transport chain
electron carriers: NADH and FADH2
function: separate protons and electrons & exports protons from the cell
in the electron transport chain, what is the final electron acceptor?
oxygen
in anaerobic respiration, what are the alternative electron acceptors?
nitrate, iron, sulfate
anabolism
biosynthesis
highly regulated enzyme activity
regulates energy usage
end product inhibits enzyme
occurs in allosteric enzymes (have 2 binding sites active and allosteric)
