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Microbiology > Lecture 16 & 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 & 17 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Reservoir

A

the pathogen is viable (growth, reproduction, and transmission)
- animate and inanimate

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2
Q

Vector

A

the pathogen is transmitted (direct or indirect)
- animate

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3
Q

soil-borne diseases

A
  • fungal and bacterial pathogens
  • cannot be eliminated
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4
Q

What are 3 animal-transmitted diseases?

A

Psittacosis (bacterial), rabies and hantavirus (viral)

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5
Q

What pathogen is rabies?

A

Rhabdovirus
- negative sense, single stranded RNA
- small genome

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6
Q

What are the reservoirs of rabies?

A

domestic animals and wild animals

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7
Q

How is rabies transmitted?

A

infected animal bite

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8
Q

What is the epidemiology and pathology of rabies?

A
  • virus in animal saliva
  • infects human host via animal bites
  • proliferates in the brain
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9
Q

What are the symptoms of rabies?

A
  • excitation, anxiety, and pupil dilation
  • excessive salivation
  • hydrophobia
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10
Q

How is rabies diagnosed?

A
  • laboratory analyses (look for negri bodies– post mortem)
  • wild vs. domestic animals
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11
Q

How is rabies treated?

A
  • Passive immunization (anti-rabies virus antibodies)
  • Active immunization (rabies virus vaccine)
  • Passive + Active therapy nearly 100% effective
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12
Q

How is rabies prevented?

A

Through immunization of high risk individuals, domestic animals, and wild animals

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13
Q

What is the reservoir and transmission Hantavirus?

A

rodents (mice, rats, voles) and infected animal feces

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14
Q

What is the epidemiology and pathology of hantavirus?

A
  • inhalation of fecal dust from infected animals
  • proliferates in the human body
  • Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome and Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
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15
Q

what is the diagnosis of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A
  • symptoms: fever, muscle pain, thrombocytopenia (decrease in platelets), leukocytosis (increase in leukocytes)
  • lab tests: virus cultures (dangerous), ELISA, PCR
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16
Q

Is there any treatment or vaccines for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A

No

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17
Q

Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF)

A
  • biosafety level 4 viral pathogens
    – Hantaviruses
    – Filoviruses (ebola)
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18
Q

What is the pathogen and reservoir for psittacosis?

A
  • Chlamydia psittaci
  • Birds (parrots and poultry)
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19
Q

How is psittacosis transmitted?

A
  • infected animal feces
  • infected saliva
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20
Q

What is the epidemiology and pathology of psittacosis?

A
  • rare but underestimated disease that has occasional outbreaks
  • inhalation of fecal dust from pets or poultry
  • lung infection (pneumonia) in severe cases
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21
Q

How is psittacosis diagnosed?

A

symptoms: fever, headache, dry cough (many others)
- all similar to other respiratory infections
Molecular PCR tests

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22
Q

How is psittacosis treated and prevented?

A
  • antibiotics (tretracycline)
  • no vaccine available
  • awareness: safe bird and cage care
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23
Q

What are the arthropod-transmitted diseases?

A
  • lyme disease and plague (bacterial)
  • west nile (viral)
  • malaria and trypanosomiasis (protist)
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24
Q

What is the pathogen, reservoir, and vector of lyme disease?

A
  • borrelia borgdorferi (bacteria)
  • mammals (rodents)
  • Ixodes scapularis (ticks)
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25
Q

What is the epidemiology and pathology of Lyme disease?

A
  • untreated, the disease reaches the CNS
  • no toxins or virulence factors known
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26
Q

What are the symptoms of Lyme disease?

A
  • Acute stage: rash, head, backache, chills, and fatigue
  • Chronic stage: arthritis, and neurological + heart damage
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27
Q

How is Lyme disease diagnosed?

A

symptoms+ tick exposure + rash
-ELISA, western blot, PCR assays

28
Q

What is the treatment and prevention for Lyme disease?

A
  • antibiotics (acute vs. chronic stage)
  • vaccine (human +animal)
  • reduce exposure to ticks and properly remove them
29
Q

What is the pathogen, reservoir, and vector of the plague?

A
  • Yersinia pestis (bacterium)
  • rodents
  • fleas
30
Q

What is the epidemiology and pathology of the plague?

A
  • lymph node swelling (buboes)
  • bloodstream (septicemia)
31
Q

What are the four types of plague?

A
  1. Sylvatic
  2. Bubonic
  3. Pneumonic
  4. Septicemic
32
Q

Sylvatic plague

A
  • in flea vector on rats
33
Q

Bubonic plague

A
  • in flea vector on humans
  • transmitted
34
Q

Pneumonic plague

A
  • direct inhalation
  • acute infection in lungs leads to transmission to other people
35
Q

Septicemic plague

A
  • no buboes
  • no characteristics signs
  • die very quickly
36
Q

What is the treatment for the plague?
*different based on type

A
  • bubonic: antibiotics (early stage) reduce mortality to 1-5%
  • pneumonic: rapid disease progression, mortality 90%
  • septicemic: death occurs before diagnosis
37
Q

How is the plague prevented?

A
  • control animal reservoirs, vectors and human contact
  • plague infected animals must be destroyed
38
Q

What is the pathogen, reservoir, and vector of malaria?

A
  • plasmodium spp. (protist)
  • humans + mosquitoes
  • Anopheles spp. (mosquitoes)
39
Q

What is the plasmodium life cycle?

A
  • Fertilization occurs in mosquito host
  • Sporozoites transferred from mosquito to human host
  • Merozoite form in liver
  • Gametocytes form in blood and then transferred to mosquitos
40
Q

What are the symptoms and diagnosis of malaria?

A
  • chills + fever, headaches, anemia, and enlarged spleen
  • D: infected RBCs and PCR tests can determine species
41
Q

What is the treatment for malaria?

A
  • Chloroquine (kills merozoites and inside RBCs)
  • Primaquine (kills merozoites, sporozoites + gametes and outside blood cells)
42
Q

What are the ways to prevent malaria?

A
  • high risk areas, ppl get doses of chloroquine
  • disrupt pathogen life cycle
  • no effective vaccine at present
43
Q

What is the pathogen, reservoir, and vector of trypanosomiasis?

A
  • Trypanosoma (protist)
  • Humans and mammals
  • Tsetse fly (sleeping sickness), triatomines (Chagas)
44
Q

What is the epidemiology and pathology of trypanosomiasis?

A

Chagas
- acute + chronic
- in central and South America
Sleeping sickness
- stage 1 +2
- Sub-Saharan Africa

45
Q

What is the acute v chronic symptoms of chagas?

A
  • acute: swelling at site of inoculation and infection often mild or asymptomatic
  • weeks to months following infection
  • chronic: 70-80% lifelong infection (no symptoms and 20-30% life threatening heart/circulation problems
    *months to years following infection
46
Q

What is the stage 1 + 2 symptoms of sleeping sickness?

A
  • stage 1: protists multiple in tissue & blood and fever, headache, joint pains
  • stage 2: protists cross blood-brain barrier & behavior changes, confusion, poor coordination, sleep cycle disruption
47
Q

How is trypanosomiasis diagnosed and treated?

A
  • Lab analyses (microscopy)
  • Antibiotics
48
Q

What prevention methods for trypanosomiasis?

A
  • no vaccines
  • educate people
  • avoid arthropod vectors
49
Q

What is the pathogen, reservoir, and vector of West Nile Virus?

A
  • West Nile Virus (flavivirus)
  • Birds
  • Mosquitos
50
Q

What is the epidemiology and pathology of West Nile Virus?

A
  • Invades nervous system
  • Viremia
  • High bird mortality
  • Survivors immune
  • Virus replicates in vector
51
Q

What are the symptoms and diagnosis of West Nile Virus?

A
  • West Nile fever (20%): headache, nausea, muscle pain
  • Neurological diseases (1%)
  • 80% asymptomatic
  • ELISA test for antibodies
52
Q

What is the treatment and prevention for WNV?

A
  • No anti-viral drugs
  • No effective human vaccine (there is veterinary vaccine)
  • supportive care
  • limit exposure to mosquitos and destroy habitat
53
Q

What is the epidemiology and pathology of fungal diseases?

A
  • allergic reactions (hypersensitivity to fungal exposure)
  • mycotoxins (exotoxins produced by fungi)
  • mycoses (fungal growth on or in the human body)
54
Q

What does ergotism or claviceps purpurea cause?

A
  • produces the mycotoxin ergotamine
  • causes hallucinations and vasoconstriction
  • historical significance
55
Q

Mycoses have effects superficially, subcutaneously, and systemically. What are those effects?

A
  • Superficial: infection on surface layers and spread by contact
  • Subcutaneous: infect deeper skin layers and spread by wound infection
  • Systemic: infection of internal organs and primary vs. secondary infections
56
Q

What are the treatment and prevention for mycoses?

A
  • antifungal compounds (topical+oral)
  • side effects common
  • reduce exposure
57
Q

What is the pathogen, reservoir, and transmission for tetanus?

A
  • Clostridium tetani
  • soil
  • contaminated wounds
58
Q

What is the epidemiology and pathology of tetanus?

A
  • germination of endospores
  • production of exotoxin, tetanus toxin
59
Q

What is the diagnosis for tetanus?

A
  • exposure risk
  • clinical symptoms
  • toxin identification (rare)
60
Q

What is the treatment for tetanus?

A
  • antitoxin: neutralize toxin
  • antibiotics: prevent addition toxin production
  • symptoms irreversible once present
61
Q

What is the prevention for tetanus?

A
  • vaccine
  • “boost” shots
  • high-risk age group (25-59 yr olds)
62
Q

What is the pathogen, soil, transmission for anthrax?

A
  • bacillus anthracis
  • soil
  • wounds or skin lesions
63
Q

What is the epidemiology and pathology for anthrax?

A
  • germination of endospores
  • virulence factors: toxins + protein capsule
64
Q

What is the diagnosis for anthrax?

A
  • painless, black lesion (cutaneous)
  • blood diarrhea, pain (intestinal)
  • toxemia, septic shock (inhalation)
65
Q

What is the treatment + prevention for antrhax?

A
  • antibiotics
  • livestock + human vaccine

Microbiology (19 decks)

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