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Microbiology > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

person-to-person transmission

A
  • humans as disease reservoirs
  • host-dependent pathogens
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2
Q

barriers to transmission

A

desiccation and oxygen tolerance

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3
Q

overcoming barriers

A

prevent desiccation through thick, rigid cell walls (gram + bacteria) and waxy layer of cell walls (mycobacterium spp.)

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4
Q

airborne transmission

A
  • travel through airborne particles (aerosols)
  • causes respiratory diseases
  • spread by sneezing, coughing, talking
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5
Q

direct contact transmission

A
  • physical contact or exposure
    many human carriers
  • the compromised immune system increases the risk
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6
Q

sexual transmission

A
  • transferred during sexual activity from body fluids of the urogenital tract
  • difficult to tract and control
  • passage to newborns in infected mothers
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7
Q

Airborne diseases

A
  • streptococcus
  • pertussis
  • tuberculosis
  • measles
  • cold
  • influenza
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8
Q

Streptococcal diseases

A
  • aerotolerant, gram +
  • Strep throat (streptococcus pyogenes)
  • Pneumonia (streptococcus pneumoniae)
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9
Q

streptococcus pyogenes

A
  • present in respiratory microflora (different strains with variable virulence)
  • 11,000 deaths per year (15% mortality)
  • lyses RBCs (rash)
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10
Q

streptococcus pyogenes symptoms and diagnosis

A
  • severe sore throat and mild fever
  • untreated leads to scarlet fever
  • use immunofluorescence, ELISA, throat cultures
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11
Q

streptococcus pyogenes treatment

A
  • no vaccine available
  • antibiotics (penicillin G and erythromycin)
  • early diagnosis and treatment is key!
  • this infection on skin becomes flesh eating
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12
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae

A
  • present in lower respiratory microflora
  • contribute to #1 killer worldwide (mortality is 10% when treated, 30% untreated)
  • can spread as bacteremia
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13
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

A
  • reduced lung function (pneumonia)
  • cultures (sputum, blood)
  • vaccines available for high risk adults and children
  • antibiotic treatment but only 30% of penicillin treatments work
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14
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough)

A
  • bordetella perutssis
  • aerobic and gram -
  • # 8 killer worldwide (distinction in death toll b/w developed and developing countries)
  • adheres to upper respiratory tract
  • produces exotoxins and endotoxins
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15
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough) symptoms, diagnosis, and treament

A
  • recurrent, violent cough
  • PCR, culture, immunoassays
  • vaccine available to high risk adults and infants (10yr immunity)
  • antibiotic treatments but many strains are resistant
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16
Q

tuberculosis

A
  • myobacterium tuberculosis
  • aerobic and gram -
  • highly contagious and #4 worldwide killer
  • acute v. chronic infections
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17
Q

chronic tuberculosis

A
  • most cases
  • pathogen is dormant
  • occasional post primary TB
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18
Q

acute tuberculosis

A
  • bacterial spread
  • host damage, death
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19
Q

M. leprae

A
  • other mycobacteria pathogens
  • causes leprosy
  • “Hansen’s disease”
20
Q

M. bovis

A
  • causes classic TB symptoms
  • bovine to human transmission (eradicated w/ pastuerization)
21
Q

Measles

A
  • paramyxovirus and negative-strand RNA virus
  • mostly affects children and highly infectious
  • # 6 killer worldwide
  • enters nose and throat- systemic viremia
22
Q

Measles symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

A
  • early: nasal discharge, eye redness
  • late: fever, cough, rash
  • clinical symptoms, ELISA
  • vaccine available for infants (MMR)
  • treat symptoms
23
Q

Colds

A
  • viral (many types)
  • named because infection peaks in winter months
  • primarily rhinoviruses
  • most common infectious disease
  • infects cells of upper respiratory tract
24
Q

colds symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

A
  • inflammation of the nasal region (rhinitis), watery nasal discharge, and malaise
  • clinical symptoms as diagnosis
  • no vaccine (too many different causative agents)
  • treat symptoms (e.g. decongestants)
25
Q

influenza

A
  • orthomyxovirus group
  • negative strand RNA virus
  • 3-5 million severe cases
  • infects upper respiratory tract
  • leads secondary infections (how you die from flu)
26
Q

influenza symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

A
  • fever, chills, headache, and malaise
  • identify surface glycoproteins (hemagglutinin- attachment and neuraminidase- release)
  • vaccines continuously produced due to changing H and N antigens
  • antiviral drugs
27
Q

direct-contact disease

A
  • staphylococcal infections
  • gastric ulcers
  • hepatitis
  • mononucleosis
28
Q

staphylococcal infections

A
  • staphylococcus aureus and MRSA
  • facultatively aerobic, gram +
  • microbiota of upper respiratory tract
  • 85% of cases are health care associated
29
Q

staphylococcal infections pathogenesis

A
  • causes several disease (pyogenic infections, food poisoning, and toxic shock syndrome)
    virulence factors:
  • hemolysins, coagulase, leukocidin (lyses leukocytes), and enterotoxin A (super antigen)
30
Q

staphylococcal diagnosis and treatmen

A
  • enriched media cultures, for MRSA use chromogenic media
  • treatment by exclusion of carries and antibiotics (differences in resistance)
31
Q

gastric ulcers

A
  • h. pylori
  • microaerophilic, gram -
  • highly motile
  • present in 80% of gastric ulcer patients (but 80% are asymptomatic)
  • may lead to gastric cancer
  • attaches to stomach and duodenum lining
32
Q

gastric ulcers symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

A
  • epigastric (stomach) pains
  • use biopsy culture
  • antibacterial (metronidazole)
  • antibiotic (amoxicillin) + antacid
33
Q

Hepatitis

A
  • Hepatitis A, B, and C
  • some bacteria
  • # 10 killer worldwide
  • large declines due to vaccines
34
Q

Hepatitis symptoms and diagnosis

A
  • bloodborne and consuming infected shellfish
  • jaundice and cirrhosis
  • ELISA (most common), immunoblots, and PCR tests (no cultures)
35
Q

Hepatitis prevention and treatment

A
  • vaccines (HAV and HBV)
  • IV drug reduction
  • food/water sanitation
  • supportive treatment
  • antivirals for HBV and HCV
36
Q

Mononucleosis

A
  • Epstein-Barr viruses (EBV)
  • double stranded DNA virus
  • member of herpes viral family
  • mortality low, morbidity over 90% worldwide
37
Q

Mononucleosis pathogenesis, symptoms, and diagnosis

A
  • infects salivary gland cells and b cells
  • extreme fatigue, sore throat, fever
  • diagnosis: microscopy (blood sample) and PCR tests
  • no vaccine
  • supportive treatment
38
Q

sexually transmitted diseases

A
  • gonorrhea v. syphilis
  • chlamydia
  • herpes
  • AIDS
39
Q

gonorrhea v. syphilis

A
  • two common (gonorrhea incidence higher) and treatable STDs
  • using penicillin
40
Q

high incidence of gonorrhea reasons

A

1) strain-specific acquired immunity
2) use of oral contraceptives
3) mild symptoms in infected women

41
Q

chlamydia

A
  • acts similar to virus
  • chlamydia trachomatis
  • obligate intracellular bacterium
  • most commonly reported STD in US
  • # 18 WW killer
42
Q

chlamydia symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

A
  • inapparent in most cases
  • rarely: testicular swelling and fallopian tube damage
  • PCR tests and ELISA
  • antibiotics (azithromycin and doxycycline)
43
Q

herpes

A
  • diverse, dsDNA virus group
  • herpes simplex 1– cold sores
  • herpes simples 2 – genital blisters
  • genital herpes (HSV-2) is incurable
44
Q

AIDS

A
  • HIV and a retrovirus
  • recognized in 1981
  • 2.7 million cases annually
  • a lot of deaths
45
Q

AIDS pathogenesis

A
  • virus targets T cells and macrophages using gp120 protein
  • viral replication -> immune cell death
  • syncytia = fused healthy + infected host cells
    – accelerates infection and destruction of host cells
46
Q

AIDS symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

A
  • early: none or flu-like
  • late: strong and variable (results from opportunistic infections)
  • diagnosis: ELISA+ immunoblot
  • no vaccine and no cure
  • drugs to delay disease progression

Microbiology (19 decks)

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