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Microbiology > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Epidemiology

A

is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health & disease
- focuses on public health
- health of human population as a whole

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2
Q

Endemic

A

restricted areas, low incidence

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3
Q

Epidemic

A

restricted areas, high incidence
common source: inanimate reservoirs (contaminated water)
host to host: animate reservoirs (flu)

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4
Q

Pandemic

A

worldwide, high incidence

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5
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases
record of disease spread

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6
Q

Prevalence

A

number of new and existing cases
record of total disease burden

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7
Q

mortality

A

incidence of death
fatal cases only

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8
Q

morbidity

A

incidence of disease
fata and nonfatal cases

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9
Q

major causes of illness does not equal

A

major causes of death

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10
Q

host-dependent pathogens

A

grows/reproduces only in host
chronic infections

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11
Q

host-independent pathogens

A

grows/reproduces outside of the host
acute infections

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12
Q

infection

A

pathogen invades, colonizes

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13
Q

incubation period

A

pathogen grows, no symptoms

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14
Q

acute period

A

appearance of symptoms

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15
Q

decline period

A

decline of symptoms

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16
Q

convalescent period

A

host recovery

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17
Q

Disease reservoirs

A

sites of viable pathogen populations
- growth, reproduction, transmission

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18
Q

Animate reservoirs

A

living organisms
usually host dependent pathogens

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19
Q

inanimate reservoirs

A

non-living
usually host independent pathogens

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20
Q

Disease transmission

A

passage of viable pathogens among hosts

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21
Q

examples of direct host to host transmission

A

person to person and zoonosis

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22
Q

examples of indirect host to host transmission

A

vectors and vehicles (fomites)

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23
Q

Selection pressures for mutual coexistence

A

decreased pathogen virulence
increased host resistence

24
Q

No selection pressures for mutual coexistence

A

pathogen virulence remains high
host resistance remains low

25
Q

Nosocomial infections

A

infections acquired by patients in hospitals (host independent)
are highly virulent, antibiotic-resistant pathogens

26
Q

Basic reproductive number

A

of secondary cases from an infected individual

27
Q

Herd immunity

A
  • prevent epidemics by limiting pathogen transmission
  • immune individuals protect individuals without immunity from infection
  • increased pathogen virulence = more immune individuals needed to prevent an epidemic
28
Q

Disease management 5 steps

A

1) controls against vehicles
2) controls against reservoirs
3) Immunization
4) Quarantine
5) Surveillance

29
Q

Controls against vehicles

A

water purification
food purity/prep
air filtration

30
Q

controls against reservoirs

A

domestic animals vaccination
wild animals (bait traps and oral vaccines)
insect vectors

31
Q

Immunization

A

effective disease control
child and adult immunization

32
Q

natural active immunity

A

acquired by adaptive immune response to natural infection

33
Q

natural passive immunity

A

acquired by transfer of immune cells or antibodies

34
Q

artificial active immunity

A

vaccination/immunization
- exposure to pathogen antigen
-induces formation of antibodies

35
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

direction injection of antibodies (antiserums monoclonal treatments)

36
Q

vaccine effectiveness

A
  • attenuated (live) pathogen is more effective, long lasting immunity but has more side effects
  • inactivated (dead) pathogen is less effective, short term immune response but fewer side effects
37
Q

quarantine

A

restricted movement of disease carriers to prevent disease spread and used to target high contagious diseases
- done to people with active infections and animals that are disease vectors

38
Q

Surveillance

A

observing, reporting, and recognizing diseases
- monitor disease incidence and prevalence
CDC prevention strategies

39
Q

CDC prevention strategies

A
  • apply disease tracking data
  • implement control strategies
  • ultimate goal = eradication
40
Q

World health organization (WHO)

A

international agency
developed/developing countries
- disease incidence
- travel restrictions

41
Q

emerging diseases

A

sudden increase in prevalence
1) “new” diseases (AIDS and Lyme disease)
2) reemerging diseases (polio)

42
Q

factors for emergence

A
  • human demographics and behavior
  • economic development and land
  • international travel
  • pathogen adaptation and evolution
  • loss of health standards
43
Q

biological warfare

A

use of biological agents to kill or incapacitate
anthrax used in spore formation and weaponized strains (enhanced dissemination)

44
Q

diagnostic microbiology

A

detection, identification, and characterization of infectious microorganism (“clinical microbiology”)

45
Q

techniques of diagnostic microbiology

A

culturing, immunoassays, and molecular (DNA/RNA)

46
Q

key characteristics of diagnostic microbiology tests

A

specificity and sensitivity

47
Q

specificity

A

ability to recognize a single pathogen
- need to avoid false positives

48
Q

sensitivity

A

lowest amount of pathogen cells detected
- high sensitivity = one pathogen cell

49
Q

culturing techniques

A

determine identity of pathogen
- selective media and differential media
determine susceptibility of pathogen
- antibiotic tests through disc diffusion and MIC
- antibiograms

50
Q

antibiograms

A

periodic reports of pathogen resistance
used most often on nosocomial pathogens

51
Q

immunoassays

A

detect specific pathogens/pathogen products
- culture independent methods
- use pathogen-specific antibodies
techniques: immunofluorescence and ELISA

52
Q

immunofluorescence

A
  • label antibodies with fluorescence tag
  • light emitted when antibodies bind
  • early detection in vivo (human tissue)
53
Q

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

A
  • high sensitivity and specificity
  • enzyme attached to antibody
  • direct ELISA = detects antigen
  • indirect ELISA = detects antibody
54
Q

Direct ELISA

A

1) antibodies bound to wells
2) add patient samples
3) add enzyme-antibody
4) wash wells
5) add enzyme substrate

55
Q

molecular methods

A

detect pathogen DNA/RNA
- high specificity and sensitivity
- stable, rapid, scalable
- culture-independent
types: nucleic acid probes and PCR testing

56
Q

nucleic acid probes

A
  • single-stranded DNA
  • specific to pathogen gene
    contain a reporter
  • hybridization (probe binds to target gene and reporter activated)
57
Q

PCR tests

A
  • detect and amplify target DNA
  • using pathogen-specific primers
    -RT-PCR detects RNA
    -q-PCR fluorescent probes for immediate detection

Microbiology (19 decks)

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