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Microbiology > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health & disease
- focuses on public health
- health of human population as a whole

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2
Q

Endemic

A

restricted areas, low incidence

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3
Q

Epidemic

A

restricted areas, high incidence
common source: inanimate reservoirs (contaminated water)
host to host: animate reservoirs (flu)

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4
Q

Pandemic

A

worldwide, high incidence

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5
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases
record of disease spread

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6
Q

Prevalence

A

number of new and existing cases
record of total disease burden

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7
Q

mortality

A

incidence of death
fatal cases only

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8
Q

morbidity

A

incidence of disease
fata and nonfatal cases

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9
Q

major causes of illness does not equal

A

major causes of death

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10
Q

host-dependent pathogens

A

grows/reproduces only in host
chronic infections

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11
Q

host-independent pathogens

A

grows/reproduces outside of the host
acute infections

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12
Q

infection

A

pathogen invades, colonizes

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13
Q

incubation period

A

pathogen grows, no symptoms

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14
Q

acute period

A

appearance of symptoms

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15
Q

decline period

A

decline of symptoms

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16
Q

convalescent period

A

host recovery

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17
Q

Disease reservoirs

A

sites of viable pathogen populations
- growth, reproduction, transmission

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18
Q

Animate reservoirs

A

living organisms
usually host dependent pathogens

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19
Q

inanimate reservoirs

A

non-living
usually host independent pathogens

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20
Q

Disease transmission

A

passage of viable pathogens among hosts

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21
Q

examples of direct host to host transmission

A

person to person and zoonosis

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22
Q

examples of indirect host to host transmission

A

vectors and vehicles (fomites)

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23
Q

Selection pressures for mutual coexistence

A

decreased pathogen virulence
increased host resistence

24
Q

No selection pressures for mutual coexistence

A

pathogen virulence remains high
host resistance remains low

25
Nosocomial infections
infections acquired by patients in hospitals (host independent) are highly virulent, antibiotic-resistant pathogens
26
Basic reproductive number
of secondary cases from an infected individual
27
Herd immunity
- prevent epidemics by limiting pathogen transmission - immune individuals protect individuals without immunity from infection - increased pathogen virulence = more immune individuals needed to prevent an epidemic
28
Disease management 5 steps
1) controls against vehicles 2) controls against reservoirs 3) Immunization 4) Quarantine 5) Surveillance
29
Controls against vehicles
water purification food purity/prep air filtration
30
controls against reservoirs
domestic animals vaccination wild animals (bait traps and oral vaccines) insect vectors
31
Immunization
effective disease control child and adult immunization
32
natural active immunity
acquired by adaptive immune response to natural infection
33
natural passive immunity
acquired by transfer of immune cells or antibodies
34
artificial active immunity
vaccination/immunization - exposure to pathogen antigen -induces formation of antibodies
35
artificial passive immunity
direction injection of antibodies (antiserums monoclonal treatments)
36
vaccine effectiveness
- attenuated (live) pathogen is more effective, long lasting immunity but has more side effects - inactivated (dead) pathogen is less effective, short term immune response but fewer side effects
37
quarantine
restricted movement of disease carriers to prevent disease spread and used to target high contagious diseases - done to people with active infections and animals that are disease vectors
38
Surveillance
observing, reporting, and recognizing diseases - monitor disease incidence and prevalence CDC prevention strategies
39
CDC prevention strategies
- apply disease tracking data - implement control strategies - ultimate goal = eradication
40
World health organization (WHO)
international agency developed/developing countries - disease incidence - travel restrictions
41
emerging diseases
sudden increase in prevalence 1) "new" diseases (AIDS and Lyme disease) 2) reemerging diseases (polio)
42
factors for emergence
- human demographics and behavior - economic development and land - international travel - pathogen adaptation and evolution - loss of health standards
43
biological warfare
use of biological agents to kill or incapacitate anthrax used in spore formation and weaponized strains (enhanced dissemination)
44
diagnostic microbiology
detection, identification, and characterization of infectious microorganism ("clinical microbiology")
45
techniques of diagnostic microbiology
culturing, immunoassays, and molecular (DNA/RNA)
46
key characteristics of diagnostic microbiology tests
specificity and sensitivity
47
specificity
ability to recognize a single pathogen - need to avoid false positives
48
sensitivity
lowest amount of pathogen cells detected - high sensitivity = one pathogen cell
49
culturing techniques
determine identity of pathogen - selective media and differential media determine susceptibility of pathogen - antibiotic tests through disc diffusion and MIC - antibiograms
50
antibiograms
periodic reports of pathogen resistance used most often on nosocomial pathogens
51
immunoassays
detect specific pathogens/pathogen products - culture independent methods - use pathogen-specific antibodies techniques: immunofluorescence and ELISA
52
immunofluorescence
- label antibodies with fluorescence tag - light emitted when antibodies bind - early detection in vivo (human tissue)
53
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
- high sensitivity and specificity - enzyme attached to antibody - direct ELISA = detects antigen - indirect ELISA = detects antibody
54
Direct ELISA
1) antibodies bound to wells 2) add patient samples 3) add enzyme-antibody 4) wash wells 5) add enzyme substrate
55
molecular methods
detect pathogen DNA/RNA - high specificity and sensitivity - stable, rapid, scalable - culture-independent types: nucleic acid probes and PCR testing
56
nucleic acid probes
- single-stranded DNA - specific to pathogen gene contain a reporter - hybridization (probe binds to target gene and reporter activated)
57
PCR tests
- detect and amplify target DNA - using pathogen-specific primers -RT-PCR detects RNA -q-PCR fluorescent probes for immediate detection

Microbiology (19 decks)

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