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Microbiology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Significance of Smallness

A

greater surface to volume ratio
greater growth rates
faster evolution

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2
Q

coccus

A

sphere

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3
Q

bacillus

A

cylindrical

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4
Q

spirillum

A

spiral

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5
Q

spirochete

A

cork-screw

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6
Q

filamentous

A

clusters

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7
Q

last main shape for cell morphology

A

appendaged

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8
Q

diplo cluster types

A

pairs (2 cells)

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9
Q

strepto cluster types

A

chains (3+)

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10
Q

staphylo cluster types

A

group

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11
Q

structure and function of cytoplasmic membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer
separate cytoplasm (inside) from environment (outside) and selective permeability

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12
Q

membrane proteins are like

A

buoys! they float around

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13
Q

membraned proteins are…

A

anchored in cytoplasmic membrane
hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

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14
Q

types of membrane proteins

A

integral (whole way through) and peripheral (inside or outside of cell)

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15
Q

archaea vs. bacteria linkage of glycerol head and fatty acids tail

A

bacteria- ester linkage
archaea- ether linkage

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16
Q

archaea vs. bacteria fatty acid composition

A

archaea–isoprene

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17
Q

what kind of membranes are only in archaea? what is advantage?

A

monolayer membranes
increase strength (found in extreme environments)

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18
Q

archaea vs. bacteria similarities

A

functionality of the cytoplasmic membrane

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19
Q

what are the functions of cytoplasmic membrane?

A

permeability barrier (selective)– nutrient and waste exchange
protein anchor– hold transport proteins and move substances across membranes
energy conservation– proton motive force

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20
Q

simple transport proteins

A

drive by the energy in the proton motive force
ex. lac permease (in e. coli)

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21
Q

group translocation

A

chemical modification of the transported substance driven by phosphoenolpyruvate
ex. phosphotransferase system

22
Q

periplasmic (ABC)

A

periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP

23
Q

what is the importance of transport proteins?

A

enhances the uptake of necessary substances (much faster than simple diffusion)

24
Q

what are the 3 transport events?

A

uniport (1), antiport (2; 1 in and 1 out), and symport (2 in or out)

25
Q

Lac permease (e. coli)

A

transports lactose into cells
symporter
energy driven (against the gradient)–more lactose in the cell takes energy to get in
uses proton motive force
passive; least efficient

26
Q

phosphotransferase system

A

transports sugars into cells, requires 5 proteins
energy-driven using phosphoenolpyruvate (PE-P)
medium efficiency with the cascade
still passive

27
Q

periplasmic (ABC system)

A

“ABC” = ATP-Binding Cassette System
occurs in the periplasm (between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes)
requires multiple proteins (periplasmic binding proteins, membrane transporter, and ATP-hydrolyzing proteins)
active
most efficient

28
Q

Translocases

A

export and insert proteins into the membrane
ex. SEC system (secretion)
functions: exoenzymes, periplasmic enzymes, and toxins

29
Q

Teichoic acids

A

embedded in cell wall and negative electrical charge of the cell surface
transport cations (Mg2+, Ca2+)

30
Q

Gram negative bacteria has an ____

A

the outer membrane which is a second lipid bilayer (lipopolysaccharide–LPS)

31
Q

lipoproteins

A

anchor the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan layer

32
Q

periplasm

A

between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes
contains different classes of proteins

33
Q

hydrolytic enzymes

A

trapped into the periplasm by outermembrane
initial breakdown of food molecules (so then they can be brought into cell)

34
Q

Binding proteins

A

ABC systems example
begin translocation process

35
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect chemical gradients (chemotaxis)

36
Q

porins

A

Technically transport protein but considered to be different because of the location
channels for small molecule transport
specificity by size (upregulated by genetics to change size and amount)

37
Q

Capsules and slime layers

A

sticky material on the cell surface
polysaccharides or proteins
Functions: attachment to surfaces, avoid phagocytosis, and dessication

38
Q

Pili

A

hollow protein filaments
Functions: attachment ot surfaces, exchanging genes (conjugation), and colonization factors (colonizing on human body)

39
Q

Types of cell inclusions

A

carbon storage polymers; polyphosphate, sulfur, and carbonate minerals; and magentosomes

40
Q

Carbon storage polymers

A

storage of carbon and energy
ex. PHB and glycogen

41
Q

Polyphosphate, sulfur, and carbonate minerals

A

storage of inorganic compounds

42
Q

Magnetosomes

A

mangetic sotrage inclusions

43
Q

gas vesicles

A

structure: protein, spindle-shaped (in bacter and archaea only)
function: buoyancy and flotation (important for planktonic microorganism)

44
Q

Endospores

A

highly resistnat bacterial “seeds”
used for bacterial dispersion across unfavorable habits
vegetative cell = active cell
spore= inactive cell

45
Q

how are endospores so resistant?

A

Physical protection: exosporium (protein), spore coat (protein), and cortex (peptidoglycan)
chemical protection: dipicolinic acid and small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs)

46
Q

Dipicolinic acid

A

dehydrates the cell
stabilizes DNA against heat

47
Q

SASPs

A

energy source during germination
stabilizes DNA againdt UV radiation

48
Q

Flagella

A

types: polar (one 1 side) and peritrichous (around the cell)
Structure: flagellin (protein) and uses proton motive force

49
Q

Gliding motility

A

movement without a flagella is slowers and must be in contact with a solid surface
types: slime extrusion, twitching (w/ pili), and cell surface proteins

50
Q

reasons for motility

A

chemotaxis (chemical gradients) and phototaxis (light gradients)

Microbiology (19 decks)

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