Chapter 1 Vocab

Question 1

Microbiology

Answer 1

study of microorganism/microbes

Question 2

Prokaryotes

Answer 2

Cells that have few internal structures, they lack a nucleus, and typically lack organelles. Cells that are exclusive to the Archaea and Bacteria domains.

Question 3

Eukaryotes

Answer 3

Found in the phylogenetic domain Eukarya. Cells contain an assortment of membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic structures (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and others). Examples: fungi and algae

Question 4

Bacteriology

Answer 4

The study of bacteria. No nucleus, no organelles.

Question 5

Mycology

Answer 5

The study of fungi
Are saprophytic organisms
Important nutrient recyclers

Question 6

Phycology

Answer 6

The study of algae
Photosynthetic organisms
Produce O2
Harmful algal blooms (HABs)

Question 7

Virology

Answer 7

The study of viruses
Non-living (debatable) and acellular
Rely on host cell for replication
Extremely small
Disease-Causing (ex. rabies, herpes, avain flu, and west nile)

Question 8

Basic microbiology

Answer 8

Study of natural life processes of microbes

Ex. taxonomy, ecology, evolution, and physiology

Question 9

Applied microbiology

Answer 9

Use of specific microbes for products or services

Ex. agriculture, medicinal, industrial, biotechnology

Question 10

Laboratory (or microbial) culture

Answer 10

is a collection of cells that have been grown in/on a nutrient medium

advantages: large stock or target organism and biochemical/microscopy tests can be performed
disadvantages: many microorganisms cannot be grown in cultures

Question 11

Culture media (or medium)

Answer 11

is a liquid (broth) or solid (agar) nutrient mixture that contains all of the nutrients required for microorganisms to grow.

Question 12

incubation

Answer 12

used to grow a culture in specific temperature and gases

Question 13

pure culture

Answer 13

a culture isolated and grown away from other microorganisms

Question 14

Aseptic technique

Answer 14

a series of steps taken to prevent contamination of laboratory cultures and media
sterilization of media and equipment and use of autoclaves

Question 15

Molecular techniques

Answer 15

DNA sequencing (barcoding genes and functional genes)
Genome sequencing (genetic blueprints) ex. functionality and all info of bacteria
Advantages: access to all microorganisms and entire genomes in hours
Disadvantages: no biochemical tests, microscopy is difficult, and data overload (making sense of the genomes)

Question 16

fermentation

Answer 16

provides preservation, sanitation, enrichment, benefits to gut health, and new flavors to food

Question 17

Biogeochemistry

Answer 17

An interdisciplinary science that includes biology, geology, and chemistry

Question 18

Biotechnology

Answer 18

employs genetically engineered microorganism to synthesize products of high value, such as insulin or other human proteins, usually on a small scale

Question 19

Robert Hooke

Answer 19

Discovery of microbes 1665

Mold was first known description of microorganism

Question 20

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 20

Discovery of bacteria 1676 when studying pepper-water bacteria
Used a extremely simple, single lens microscope

Question 21

Ignaz Semelweis

Answer 21

Promoted sanitary methods including handwashing as a method for preventing infections (1847)

Question 22

Germ theory of disease

Answer 22

developed by Koch

detailed that microbes can be infectious

Question 23

Louis Pasteur

Answer 23

one of the first to recognize that many of what were thought to be strictly chemical reactions were catalyzed by microorganisms
Studied the chemistry of crystal formation and used microscopes to examine crystal structure
fermentation work
debunked spontaneous generations–related it to “air” exposure
made the Pasteur flask to combat this

Question 24

Robert Koch

Answer 24

Scientifically proved germ theory of disease
Proved that even after many transfers in lab culture, the bacteria still caused disease when inoculated into a healthy animal

Question 25

Joseph Lister

Answer 25

Credited with the introduction of antiseptic techniques for surgery in 1867
His methods were adopted worldwide and greatly improved survival rate of patients

Question 26

Alexander Fleming

Answer 26

The first beta-lactam antibiotic ever characterized was penicillin G, isolated from the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum in 1929

Question 27

Edward Jenner

Answer 27

First to protect people from infection by smallpox virus by exposing them to similar but much less virulent cowpox virus
vaccine development 1796

Question 28

Franklin, Watson, & Crick

Answer 28

Used X-ray diffraction images of DNA
Structure of DNA 1953
Revealed that DNA is double stranded helix that contains 4 nitrogenous bases: guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine

Question 29

Kary Mullis

Answer 29

created PCR analysis 1988

PCR = rapid DNA copying

Question 30

Woese & Fox

Answer 30

First to construct a universal tree of life that he inferred from nucleotide sequence similarity in the ribosome RNA (rRNA) genes of diverse organisms
rRNA used because they are:
1. Universally distributed
2. Functionally constant
3. Highly conserved (slow changing)
4. Adequate length to provide a deep view of evolutionary relationships
Discovery of Archaea (1977)

Question 31

Human microbiome project

Answer 31

characterize the microbes that live in/on the human body, and assess the ability to demonstrate correlations of changes of the human microbiome with health

Question 32

Earth microbiome project

Answer 32

A sequencing endeavor to archive the genome sequence of all cultured bacterial and archaeal type strains

Question 33

Koch’s postulates:

Answer 33

1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals
2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal
4. The suspected pathogen must be re-isolated and shown to be the same as the original