Lecture 39 - Factors influencing Immune Response

Question 1

SCID?

Answer 1

severe combined immunodeficiency - absence of T cells

Question 2

Congenital/Primary deficiencies?

Answer 2

selective IgA deficiency (common), other congenital (rare), in utero disease

Question 3

Acquired or secondary deficiencies?

Answer 3

infection (e.g. HIV), drugs (steroids), systemic disease (renal failure, malnutrition)

Question 4

Immunodeficiency systems - bacteria?

Answer 4

extracellular e.g. streptococci: IgM, IgG, complement phagocytosis; intracellular e.g. TB: T cells, macrophages

Question 5

Immunodeficiency systems - viruses?

Answer 5

T cells, IgG, IgA, interferon (complement)

Question 6

Immunodeficiency systems - parasites?

Answer 6

IgE, eosinophils, mast cells, T cells

Question 7

Immunodeficiency systems - fungi?

Answer 7

T cells, IgA, neutrophils

Question 8

Types of CD4 T helper cells - Th1?

Answer 8

IgM, IgG, cytotoxic T cells - acute viruses and bacteria

Question 9

Types of CD4 T helper cells - Th2?

Answer 9

IgG, IgE, mucosal immunity - chronic infections e.g. parasites

Question 10

Types of CD4 T helper cells - other?

Answer 10

Treg - downregulate other classes; Th17 - mucosal immunity and inflammation promotion

Question 11

Checkpoint inhibitors?

Answer 11

upregulate or downregulate T cells response; tumour cells can possess inhibitory capabilities to reduce T cell cytotoxicity

Question 12

Modernity?

Answer 12

decreased requirement for Treg cells due to decreased environmental risk antigen infections causes imbalance onto Th17 cells promoting allergies and autoimmunity/inflammatory diseases

Question 13

Antigen considerations>

Answer 13

similar to self -> poor response, HLA affects peptide presentation

Question 14

Antibody considerations?

Answer 14

effectiveness of opsonisation affects response kinetics, further responses promoted by high IgM and diminished by high IgG

Question 15

Pro-inflammatory cytokines and the Nervous system?

Answer 15

increase body temperature, increase slow wave sleep, illness behaviours - IL1 acts on vagus branches, secreted by astrocyte and glial cells and has NT activity

Question 16

Autonomic nerves and lymph nodes?

Answer 16

sympathetic nerve fibres use norepinephrine to communicate with T cells (related to social temperament)

Question 17

Neuroimmune connections?

Answer 17

draw it!