Lecture 34: Male Reproductive System - Pelvis and Perineum Flashcards
What are the gonads?
the organs where gametes are produced
What are the male gonads called and what do they produce?
testes producing spermatozoa
What are the female gonads called and what do they produce?
ovary producing oocytes
What is coitus?
sexual intercourse
What is fertilisation?
the formation of an embryo due to the fusion of gametes during coitus
What bones make up the pelvis?
the ileum, pubis, ischium, sacrum, coccyx
Which is always open, the pelvic inlet or pelvic outlet?
pelvic inlet
What is the pelvic outlet closed by?
muscles
Which is bigger, the pelvic inlet or the pelvic outlet?
the pelvic inlet
The pelvis may be divided into what two parts?
the true (lesser) pelvis the false (greater) pelvis
What does the true pelvis enclose?
it encloses the pelvic cavity
Describe the false/greater pelvis
- superior region
- above the pelvic inlet
- contains the GI tract
Describe the true/lesser pelvis
- inferior region
- between the inlet and outlet
- contains the internal reproductive organs
What is the pelvic brim?
the bony margin of the true pelvis
What is the pelvic inlet enclosed by?
the pelvic brim
What is the pelvic outlet?
the opening bounded by the coccyx, the ischial tuberosities and ischial spines, and the inferior border of the pubic symphysis
How do the female and male pelvis differ?
the female has a broader subpubic angle with an oval shaped inlet and a straighter coccyx whereas the male pelvis has a narrower subpubic angle with a heart a heart shaped inlet and a curved coccyx
The pelvic outlet is closed over by which layer of muscles?
pelvic floor/pelvic diaphragm
The pelvic floor/pelvic diaphragm is made up of what two muscles?
the levator ani and coccygeus
What are the openings in the pelvic floor?
- urethra
- anal canal
- vagina (females only)
What are the two triangles that make up the perineal region?
urogenital triangle
anal triangle
Where is the male perineum? What does it include?
the region inferior to the pelvic floor and between the upper region of the thighs and it includes the external genitalia and anus
What is inside the urogenital triangle?
urethral opening; external genitalia
What is inside the anal triangle?
anal canal and fat
Which is anterior, the anal canal or the urogenital triangle?
the urogenital triangle
Internal reproductive organs are found in the cavity enclosed by the ________ pelvis
true/lesser
The external genitalia is found in the _________ triangle of the perineal region
urogenital
Openings in the male pelvic floor include the urethra and _________
anus
Openings in the female pelvic floor include the urethra, ________ and _________
vagina
anus
What is the function of the male reproductive system?
to produce spermatozoa and to transport it into the female reproductive tract
What is the male reproductive system made up of?
the testes
the reproductive tract/duct
accessory structures and glands
What are the testes surrounded by?
a sac of skin known as the scrotum
What is produced in the testes?
spermatozoa
Once produced in the testes, where does the sperm get transported to?
the epididymis
The epididymis can be split into what three sections?
the head, body, tail
What occurs in the epididymis?
Sperm maturation
Once the sperm are mature, the sperm leave the epididymis and they move into the
ductus deferens
What occurs in the ductus deferens?
sperm storage
Where does the ductus deferens travel?
it is a muscular tube running through the spermatic cord up through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity, posterior to the bladder
What does the ductus deferens widen to form?
the ampulla
Where is the ampulla located and what does it produce?
it is located laterally/adjacent to the seminal vesicle
it produces components of the seminal fluid
What two ducts form the ejaculatory duct?
the ducts from the end of the ampulla and the seminal vesicle
What does the ejaculatory duct open into?
the prostatic urethra
From the ejaculatory duct, where does the sperm travel?
into the prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy/penile urethra
What does the scrotum contain?
two testes, two epididymides, two spermatic cords each with a part of the ductus deferens
Where is the spermatic cord located?
superior to the testes, up through the inguinal canal
What does the spermatic cord contain?
the first part of the ductus deferens, arteries, veins forming the venus plexus, nerves
What three things are produced in the testes?
sperm
testosterone
inhibin
What are the testes surrounded by?
dense fibrous capsule called the tunica albuginea
The tunica albuginea form _______ which forms segments/parts of the testes known as the ____________
septa
lobules
What is found in the lobules of the testes?
seminiferous tubules
What occurs in the seminiferous tubules?
spermatogenesis
The seminiferous tubules join to form the _______
rete testes
What joins the rete testes with the epididymis?
efferent ductules
What cells produce testosterone?
interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells
What cells produce inhibin?
Nurse (Sertoli) cells
What do interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells produce?
testosterone
What do nurse (Sertoli) cells produce?
inhibin
What are spermatogenic cells?
spermatogonia and spermatozoa at various stages of development
What is the purpose of myoid cells?
transporting the sperm to the rete testes
Where are interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells found?
inside the tubules
Where are nurse (Sertoli) cells found?
in the tubules
The seminiferous tubules is continuous with what?
the ductus deferens
Sperm enter the epididymis from the ______ _____ and exit via the _______ ________
seminiferous tubules
ductus deferens
The ductus deferens is continuous with the
epididymis
What does the ductus deferens start with?
the spermatic cord
What is the ductus deferens covered by?
smooth muscle
Where are sperm stored until ejaculation?
in the ejaculatory sphinctor
What happens is sperm is not removed during ejaculation?
it is removed in the urine
What are the ejaculatory ducts formed from?
the unions of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla
What does the ejaculatory duct open into?
the prostate urethra
What are the two main functions of the male urethra?
urination and ejaculation
What are the epithelium changes in the male urethra?
transitional, columnar, stratified squamous
What are the three sections of the male urethra?
prostatic
membranous
penile/spongy
What are the two sphincters of the urethra?
external and internal
What controls the external sphincter and what does this control?
the skeletal muscle is used for the voluntary control of urination
What controls the internal urinary sphincter and what does this control?
the detrusor muscle for involuntarily control
What happens to the sphincters during ejaculation?
the external sphincter remains open and the internal sphincter closes so that the sperm ejaculated does not go into the bladder
What is retrograde ejaculation?
when the internal urinary sphincter does not close and so sperm ends up in the bladder
Spermatogenesis occurs in the ___________ within the testes?
seminiferous tubules
From the seminiferous tubules, the sperm travel into the _____, the _______, the ejaculatory ducts and finally the ________
epididymis
ductus deferens
urethra
The urethra is divided into three regions” the prostatic urethra, the ________ urethra and the penile/spongy urethra
membranous
What are sperm stem cells known as?
spermatogonia
Describe the development of sperm in the seminiferous tubule:
Each tubule contains spermatogonia, spermatocytes at various stages of meiosis, spermatids, sperm and nurse cells. As spermiogenesis proceeds, the spermatids gradually develop into mature sperm. At spermiation, a sperm loses its attachment to the nurse cell and enters the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
