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Class 3 > Lecture 15: The Lower Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Lecture 15: The Lower Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 components of the LRT?

A
  1. larynx
  2. trachea
  3. bronchi
  4. bronchioles
  5. alveoli
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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of the LRT?

A
  1. conducts air to and from the site of gas exchange
  2. completes cleaning, warming, and humidifying of air
  3. provides a barrier between the air and the blood, and a large area for gas exchange
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3
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

from the hyoid bone to the trachea

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4
Q

What passes through the larynx?

A

Air only

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the cartilage surrounding the larynx?

A

To protect it and to maintain an open airway

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6
Q

Name 5 cartilages of surrounding the larynx?

A

Thyroid cartilage, laryngeal prominence, cricoid cartilage, tracheal cartilage, epiglottis

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7
Q

What is the function of the thyroid cartilage/laryngeal prominence?

A

It is a big protective layer to make sure the airway stays open

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8
Q

Describe the cricoid cartilage

A

It is a complete ring of cartilage

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the epiglottis?

A

It prevents food from entering the airway

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10
Q

Where is the epiglottis?

A

Above the larynx

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11
Q

Is the glottis/voice box part of the larynx?

A

YES

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12
Q

Describe the glottis

A

There are folds of tissue attached to cartilages. When air passes over them, there is movement and this produces sound.

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13
Q

What are the two folds of the glottis?

A

vocal folds

vesibular folds

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14
Q

Describe the vocal folds

A
  • true vocal cords

- used to produce everyday sound such as speaking and singing

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15
Q

How does the vocal folds produce sound?

A

Because they are such as thin membrane, when air passes over them it produces sound

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16
Q

How does testosterone affect the vocal folds?

A

testosterone affects the cartilage and the muscle, resulting in longer, thicker folds which results in a deeper tone

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17
Q

What is the role of the vestibular/”false” vocal cords?

A

These can close over to make sure foreign objects don’t damage the other vocal cords, or go further down the airway
They also produce very deep sounds

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18
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

anterior to the oesophagus, sitting between the larynx and the primary bronchi

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19
Q

What is the role of the trachea?

A

Keep the airway open so that air can get to the lungs

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20
Q

How can the trachea keep the airways open?

A

There are C-shaped (incomplete) rings of cartilage which hold it open.

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21
Q

Where is the trachealis muscle and what is its role?

A

It is on the posterior aspect of the trachea which spasms when foreign objects enter the trachea which stimulates a cough and this forces the objects out of the trachea

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22
Q

What sort of epithelium lines the trachea?

A

respiratory epithelia: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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23
Q

Where is the mucociliary escalator?

A

in the trachea

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the mucociliary escalator?

A

It removes debris to the pharynx to be swallowed and digested

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25
Q

How does the mucociliary escalator work?

A

mucus from goblet cells coat the surfaces of the epithelium so the debris becomes trapped then the cilia move the mucus to the pharynx

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26
Q

How many lungs do you have?

A

2

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27
Q

How many lobes does the lung on the right have?

A

3

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28
Q

How many lobes does the lung on the left have?

A

2

29
Q

What are the three lobes of the right lung called?

A

superior lobe
middle lobe
inferior lobe

30
Q

What are the two lobes of the left lung called?

A

superior lobe

inferior lobe

31
Q

Why does the left long only have two lobes?

A

Because the heart sits to the left so it takes up space

32
Q

Where is the apex of a lung?

A

just beneath the clavicles

33
Q

Where is the base of the lung?

A

it sits on the diaphragm

34
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

The part of the lung where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics go in and out.

35
Q

Where do the bronchi enter the lungs?

A

in the hilum

36
Q

Where is the costal surface of the lungs?

A

right up against the ribs

37
Q

How do we get to the lungs from the trachea?

A

the bronchial tree

38
Q

Where are the primary bronchi?

A

When the trachea spilts into two and they enter the lungs through the hilum

39
Q

Where are the secondary bronchi?

A

Branching off the primary bronchi, heading into each of the lobes

40
Q

How many secondary bronchi are in the left lung and why?

A

2 because there are 2 lobes

41
Q

How many secondary bronchi are on the right bronchi and why?

A

3 because there are 3 lobes

42
Q

What is the other name for the secondary bronchi?

A

lobar bronchi

43
Q

Where are the tertiary bronchi?

A

Branching off the secondary bronchi

44
Q

What branches off bronchi?

A

Bronchioles

45
Q

As the branching happens, the diameter of the bronchioles gets

A

Smaller

46
Q

At the end of the bronchial tree, there is the _______. What does this signify?

A

terminal bronchioles

This signifies the end of the conducting region and the start of the respiratory region

47
Q

Describe the cartilage of the primary bronchi and state why

A

There are complete rings of cartilage because there is no trachealis muscle

48
Q

Describe the muscle of the primary bronchi and state why

A

There is a complete ring of smooth muscle to allow for dilation

49
Q

As there is more branches, the vessels get smaller which means there is less of a need for

A

cartilaginous support

50
Q

Describe the cartilage of the secondary and tertiary bronchi

A

There are individual bits of cartilage that aren’t a full ring. These are called cartilage plates. They give some support

51
Q

What is the epithelium in the primary bronchi?

A

respiratory epithelium: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

52
Q

What is the epithelium in the secondary and tertiary bronchi? Why is this needed?

A

respiratory epithelium: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells but the columnar cells reduce in height because the vessels have a smaller diameter. There are also less goblet cells

53
Q

What is the epithelium in the bronchioles?

A

Cubiodal epithelium with no goblet cells

54
Q

Why are there no goblet cells in the bronchioles?

A

Because they are such as small diameter that any mucous would block up the airway

55
Q

Describe the cartilage and smooth muscle of the bronchioles

A

There is no cartilage but there is smooth muscle

56
Q

What is the purpose of the smooth muscle in the bronchioles?

A

for bronchoconstriction/dilation

57
Q

Each terminal bronchiole supplies a

A

pulmonary lobule

58
Q

Pulmonary lobules contain many

A

alveoli

59
Q

What are alveoli?

A

air sacs

60
Q

What is the epithelium of the alveoli? Why is this needed?

A

Simple squamous epithelium on a thin basement membrane is needed so that there is as little distance as possible for gas exchange

61
Q

External surface of the alveoli are covered in a fine network of

A

pulmonary capillaries

62
Q

The simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli is made of

A

pneumocytes (lung epithelial cells)

63
Q

What are the two types of pneumocytes?

A
  1. type | squamous

2. type || cuboidal

64
Q

What is type | squamous pneumocytes needed for?

A

It forms the respiratory membrane/blood-air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane

65
Q

Where are type || cuboidal pneumocytes and what are they needed for?

A

they are scattered amongst type | squamous and they secrete surfactant

66
Q

What is the surfactant secreted by the type || cuboidal pneumocytes and what is their purpose?

A

It is a complex lipoprotein that reduces surface tension of the alveolar fluid to make sure the sac stays open so air can go in there

67
Q

Apart from type | squamous and type || cuboidal pneumocytes, what is the other types of cell in the alveoli and what is its role?

A

Roaming macrophages that remove debris

68
Q

Where is the respiratory membrane/blood-air barrier?

A

Where the capillary meets the alveolar wall/cell layer

69
Q

The respiratory membrane/blood-air barrier is made up of what three layers?

A
  1. type | squamous pneumocytes forming the alveolar wall/cell layer
  2. fused basement membrane
  3. capillary endothelium

Class 3 (41 decks)

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