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Class 3 > Lecture 20: The Basic Structure of the GI System > Flashcards

Lecture 20: The Basic Structure of the GI System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the GI system?

A

to bring nutrients into the internal environment so that they can be used

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2
Q

The GI tract is specialised for what four functions?

A
  1. motility
  2. secretion
  3. digestion
  4. absorption
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3
Q

What is meant by the motility function of the GI tract?

A

more things through the system at an appropriate rate

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4
Q

What is meant by the digestion function of the GI tract?

A

both mechanical and chemical digestion: break them into smaller pieces

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5
Q

Name the 6 major organs of the digestive tract

A
  1. oral cavity
  2. pharynx (including the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx)
  3. oesophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine
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6
Q

Name 7 accessory organs of the digestive system

A
  1. teeth
  2. tongue
  3. salivary glands
  4. liver
  5. gallbladder
  6. pancreas
  7. anus
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7
Q

The structures of the gastrointestinal system are lined with __________ and are closed off at both ends by __________

A

epithelium

sphinctors

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8
Q

What are the two main epithelium in the digestive system?

A
  1. simple columnar epithelium

2. stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

What are 3 specialisations of epithelium?

A
  1. goblet cells
  2. microvilli
  3. cilia
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10
Q

What are microvilli and what is their function?

A

they are finger like extensions which increase surface area for excretion and absorption

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11
Q

What is the epithelium present in the mouth/oral cavity/oesophagus and how does this relate to the function of that area?

A

there is lots of food in this area and so to protect the inner tissue from abrasion, there is stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

What is the epithelium present in the stomach/small intestine/large intestine and how does this relate to the function of that area?

A

Simple columnar epithelium for secretion and absorption

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13
Q

What is the epithelium present in the anal canal and how does this relate to the function of that area?

A

stratified squamous for protection against abrasion

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14
Q

Epithelium can form into

A

glands

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15
Q

What is the most simple gland? Give an example

A

unicellular glands

eg. goblet cells

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16
Q

Describe goblet cells

  • what cell shape are they?
  • what shape are they?
  • what do they secrete?
  • what sort of nucleus do they have?
A
  • columnar
  • goblet shape
  • mucous granules
  • basal nucleus
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17
Q

Apart from unicellular glands, epithelium can also form ________ glands

A

multicellular

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18
Q

Epithelium can invaginate to form what two types of multicellular glands

A
  • simple multicellular gland

- compound multicellular gland

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19
Q

What are simple multicellular glands?

Give two places in the GI tract where these are found

A

a gland with a single duct

in the stomach and small intestine

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20
Q

What are compound multicellular glands?

Give an example

A

a gland with two more ducts eg. salivary glands

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21
Q

What is the advantage of having many ducts in compound multicellular glands?

A

to increase surface area for secretion

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22
Q

What are the four layers of the gut tube?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. adventitia
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23
Q

What three things is the mucosa made of?

A
  1. epithelium on a basement membrane
  2. lamina propria
  3. muscularis mucosae
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24
Q

What is the lamina propria made of and what is in it?

A

it is made of fibrous connective tissue

lymphatics and blood vessels are found here

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25
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae and what is the consequence of it contracting?

A

a muscle layer of the mucosa

contraction changes the shape of the lumen and move the circular folds and villi

26
Q

What two things does the submucosa contain?

A

glands

blood vessels

27
Q

secretion from the glands is regulated by the ______ ______ ______ which is part of the _______ nervous system

A

submucosal nerve plexus

enteric

28
Q

What does the muscularis consist of?

A

smooth muscle

29
Q

what are the two main layers of the muscularis?

A

inner circular

outer longitudinal

30
Q

the muscularis is under involuntary/voluntary control?

A

involuntary

31
Q

The muscularis is under involuntary control of the _______ plexus which is part of the ________ nervous system. This is located ________ ________ _______ _______ and it regulates ________ by …

A 
myenteric
enteric
in between muscle layers
motility
innervating the mucosa and submucosa
32
Q

What is the adventitia made of? Why?

A

loose fibrous connective tissue for the maintenance of structure and to adhere it to the surrounding structures

33
Q

When the organs are in the peritoneal cavity, they have another additional layer (as well at the adventitia) and this is called the

A

serosa (but this doesn’t count as one of the four layers)

34
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

It is a serous membrane which surrounds the organs of the GI tract

35
Q

The peritoneum has two layers. What are they called and where are they located?

A
  • parietal layer which lines the body wall

- visceral layer which lines the organs

36
Q

Between the two layers of the peritoneum, there is a

A

fluid filled space

37
Q

Where is the retroperitoneal? What is an organ that is situated here?

A

Posterior to the peritoneum

the pancreas

38
Q

What is the mesentery?

What is its purpose?

A

A double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects an organ to the body wall. This is to stop the tubular portions of the GI tract to become knotted

39
Q

What is the omenta?

A

a double layer of visceral peritoneum that connect an organ to another organ

40
Q

What happens in the mouth and oral cavity?

A

food is ingested

41
Q

What is the epithelium found in the mouth and oral cavity?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

42
Q

What is required in the mouth and oral cavity for chemical digestion?

A

enzymes

43
Q

Describe the flow of the bolus into the oesophagus

A

it travels through the fauces into the oropharynx then into the oesophagus

44
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands connected to the oral cavity via ducts?

A
  • parotid
  • sublingual
  • submandibular
45
Q

What is secreted from parotid salivary glands?

A

serous fluid with amylase

46
Q

What is secreted from sublingual salivary glands?

A

mucous only

47
Q

What is secreted from submandibular salivary glands?

A

a mixture of serous fluid with amylase and mucous

48
Q

What are clusters of cells in the salivary glands called?

A

acinus

49
Q

What do acinar cells secrete?

A

amylase

50
Q

Where are acinar cells located?

A

At the bottom of the duct

51
Q

Where are duct cells located?

A

close to the secretion surface

52
Q

What do duct cells secrete?

A

bicarbonate for buffering

53
Q

Where is the oesophagus lcocated?

A

posterior to the trachea, extending from the pharynx to the stomach

54
Q

What is the role of the epiglottis?

A

it shuts to ensure that the food entering the oesophagus does not enter the trachea

55
Q

The oesophagus has highly folded ________ and _______ and the purpose of this is to

A

submucosa and mucosa

have the capacity to expand

56
Q

What is the epithelium in the oesophagus?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

57
Q

What is the role of the muscularis in the oesophagus?

A

to move the food bolus

58
Q

How does the musclaris change as you go down the oesophagus?

A
  • the first third is skeletal muscle
  • the middle third is a mixture of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
  • the last third is smooth muscle
59
Q

What is the purpose of mucous in the oesophagus?

A

for lubrication and protection

60
Q

are there goblet cells in the oesophagus?

A

no, instead there are glands with ducts at the surface

61
Q

If not from the goblet cells, where is mucous secreted from in the oesophagus?

A

from inner mucous secreting glands in the lamina propria and then shipped to the surface via ducts

Class 3 (41 decks)

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