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Class 3 > Lecture 28: An Overview and Gross Structure of the Kidney > Flashcards

Lecture 28: An Overview and Gross Structure of the Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the urinary system?

A

To balance the water and solutes in our body

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2
Q

What does renal mean?

A

Relating to the kidneys

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3
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

the space in the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum

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4
Q

Most of the water and solutes are in the _____ so the kidneys filter the _______ to make urine.

A

blood

blood

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5
Q

Making urine expels what four things from our body?

A
  1. excess water
  2. excess salts
  3. wastes of metabolism
  4. many toxins and drugs
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6
Q

What does normal urine contain?

A
  • water
  • salts
  • urea
  • metabolites, hormones, small proteins
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7
Q

Urine pH is not tightly _______ and is influenced by what?

A

regulated

it is influenced by what is excreted

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8
Q

What does abnormal urine contain?

A
  • large proteins
  • RBC
  • glucose
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9
Q

To be effective, the urinary system needs what four things?

  1. a _______ system for the _______
  2. selective ________ system
  3. _____ _______ mechanism
  4. system to return recovered, _________ _______ to the body
A
  1. a delivery system for blood
  2. selective filtration system
  3. filtrate recovery mechanism
  4. system to return recovered, filtered fluid to the body
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10
Q

Why does the urinary system need a selective filtration system?

A

to stop some things from being lost

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11
Q

Why does the urinary system need a filtrate recovery mechanism?

A

to get stuff back that we don’t want to lose

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12
Q

To be effective, the urinary system needs to have or be able to do what four things?

  1. remove ______ from the body
  2. ______
  3. the ability to _______ with _______ parts of the _______
  4. _______ to meet the body’s changing ______
A
  1. remove filtrate from body
  2. protection
  3. the ability to communicate with relevant parts of the body
  4. adapt to meet the body’s changing needs
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13
Q

What are the main components of the urinary system?

A
  • two kidneys
  • two ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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14
Q

Each kidney has a

A

ureter

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15
Q

What is the urethra?

A

The tube to remove the urine from the bladder

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16
Q

The structure of the kidneys allows what four things to happen?

  1. ______ to be brought into close proximity with the _________ for ______
  2. ________ that has been _______ to leave the kidney
  3. a pathway of urine to be ________ from the kidney, _______ and then ______
  4. ___________
A
  1. blood to be brought into close proximity with the nephron for filtering
  2. blood that has been filtered to leave the kidney
  3. a pathway for urine to be removed from the kidney, stored and then excreted
  4. protection
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17
Q

What is the nephron?

A

The functional microscopic unit of the kidneys which selectively filters and reabsorbs anything we want to keep so blood needs to be brought to the nephrons

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18
Q

The kidneys have two sides. What are they called?

A

The convex side and the concave side

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19
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

between the 12th thoracic rib and the 3rd lumbar rib

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20
Q

What ribs protect the kidneys?

A

11th and 12th ribs

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21
Q

Which side of the kidneys faces laterally?

A

convex

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22
Q

The medial surface of the kidneys has a concave notch called the _____

A

hilum

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23
Q

What enters/leaves the hilum?

A 
renal veins
renal arteries
lymphatics
nerves
the ureter
24
Q

The kidneys are surrounded, supported and protected by

A

fat

25
Q

Which kidney is lower than the other. Why?

A

The right kidney is lower than the left one because the liver pushes on the right kidney

26
Q

What are the three regions of the kidney?

A

cortex, medulla, pelvis

27
Q

What is the outer surface of the kidneys?

A

fibrous capsule

28
Q

What is the pelvis of the kidneys?

A

the tubes that lead to the ureter

29
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

The superficial region of the kidney in contact with the fibrous capsule. It is a continuous layer and forms the renal columns

30
Q

Is the outer cortex a continuous layer?

A

yes

31
Q

What are the renal columns?

A

A band of renal cortex that separates medullary pyramids

32
Q

The inner medulla is divided into ______ called ______ _______ each of which end in a ________

A

pyramids
medullary pyramids
papilla

33
Q

The cortex and medulla form functional parts called

A

lobes

34
Q

What makes up a kidney lobe?

A

one medullary pyramid and all the cortex that surrounds it (including the renal columns)

35
Q

Kidney lobes are lade up largely of ________ which are

A

nephrons

tiny tubes that filter from blood and create urine

36
Q

Urine drains from each papilla and collects in a

A

calyx

37
Q

Calyces join to form the

A

renal pelvis

38
Q

The pelvis narrows as it exits the ______ to become the _______

A

hilum

ureter

39
Q

Describe the flow of urine out of the kidney

A 
papilla
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
40
Q

What are three structures that provide external protection for the kidneys?

A
  • 11th and 12th ribs
  • renal fat pad
  • fibrous capsule
41
Q

Why is there no blood vessels in the medulla?

A

Because exchange occurs in the cortex

42
Q

What is a medullary pyramid?

A

The inner medulla is divided into pyramids that are conical structures extending from the cortex to a tip called the renal papilla

43
Q

The minor calyx collects urine produced by

A

a single kidney lobe

44
Q

A major calyx forms from the fusion of

A

4-5 minor calyces

45
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

a large funnel shaped chamber that collects urine from the major calyces

46
Q

urine is produced by filtering waster from the blood into the

A

nephron

47
Q

Filtration occurs in what part of the kidney?

A

the cortex

48
Q

The afferent arteriole delivers blood from the _______ to the _______

A

arteries

glomerulus

49
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A knot of glomerular capillaries

50
Q

Where does filtration occur?

A

In the glomerulus (the glomerular capillaries)

51
Q

Glomerular capillaries are what type of capillaries?

A

fenestrated

52
Q

The efferent arteriole carries blood from the _______ to the ________ _________

A

glomerulus

peritubular capillaries

53
Q

Where do the peritubular capillaries carry blood to?

A

the veins

54
Q

What is the blood supply into the cortex to be filtered?

A
  • abdominal aorta
  • renal artery
  • series of arteries
  • afferent arteriole
  • glomerular capillary
55
Q

What is the blood supply away from the cortex after being filtered?

A
  • glomerular capillary
  • peritubular capillaries
  • series of veins
  • renal vein
  • inferior vena cava
56
Q

Innervation from a network of __________ nerves and ganglia called the ______ _______

A

autonomic

renal plexus

57
Q

What do sympathetic nerves act to adjust?

A

The diameter of the renal arterioles and thus regulate blood flow

Class 3 (41 decks)

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