Lecture 31 - Upper Respiratory Infections

Question 1

Explain how mucociliary escalator normally keeps us from getting respiratory infections.

Answer 1

This is a system of cilia and mucus producing cells trap pathogens and moves them

Question 2

Describe how cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption after alter the mucociliary escalator

Answer 2

Cigarette smoke creates a buildup of tar
Alcoholics have a predisposition to respiratory disease

Question 3

Explain why upper respiratory tract infections are less severe than lower respiratory tract infections

Answer 3

If it compromises alveoli, it can have high mortality since it controls gas-exchange

Question 4

Describe the symptoms associated with strep throat

Answer 4

pain, fever, hard to swallow, and pus

Question 5

List 5 virulence factors produced by Group A Streptococcus

Answer 5

1. M Protein
2. G protein
3. c5a peptidase
4. hyaluronic acid capsule
5. hemolysins

Question 6

Explain how untreated Strep throat can lead to rheumatic fever?

Answer 6

1. antibodies mae against M protein
2. Antibodies crossreact with heart muscle
3. Antibodies erode valves (bilfilm form)
4. viridans group Streptococcus colonize heart valve

Question 7

How can rheumatic fever make it more likely for a patient of dental surgery to develop bacterial endocarditis?

Answer 7

viridians group streptococcus from the mouth can go through the blood stream

Question 8

Describe the symptoms associated with diphtheria

Answer 8

blocks the airway, was called the “strangler”

Question 9

Understand how the diptheria toxin causes tissue damage

Answer 9

part B binds to cell receptors
part A stops protein synthesis and lead to cell death

Question 10

Describe one way to prevent diptheria and one way to treat it

Answer 10

take DTaP vaccine to prevent

take antitoxin containing diptheria immune globulin

Question 11

Explain why many of the bacteria that cause sinus infections also cause ear and eye infections

Answer 11

Very easy to migrate up eustachian tube

Question 12

List three bacteria that commonly cause ear/eye infections

Answer 12

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pseudomonas
Hemophilus influenza type b (Hib)

Question 13

List two diseases commonly caused by Hemophilus influenza type b (Hib)

Answer 13

Bacterial conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
Otitis Media (ear infection)

Question 14

State the most common cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia

Answer 14

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 15

Explain how pneumonia is diagnosed?

Answer 15

look for diplococci in polymorphic neutrophils

Question 16

How and why is pneumonia treated?

Answer 16

in response to inflammation, blood vessels increase permeability, fluids leak in, can compromise gas-exchange

13-valent conjugated vaccine for kids
23-valent polysaccharide vaccine for adults

Question 17

Describe the difference between the 13-valent and the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine

Answer 17

23-valent has polysaccharides from 23 common strains.
13-valents has polysaccharides from 13 common strains

Question 18

Rhinovirus cold

Answer 18

naked, ssRNA
infects upper RT (nose)
head cold
cannot reproduce above 33C

Question 19

Adenovirus cold

Answer 19

naked, dsDNA
cold + fever
some can cause pus or diarrhea

Question 20

Coronavirus cold

Answer 20

enveloped, ssRNA
not as stable
cold, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain

Question 21

Explain how you can get rhinovirus colds several times per year.

Answer 21

There are 100+ different rhinoviruses

Question 22

Explain why you would want to know whether a sore throat were caused by adenovirus or Streptococcus

Answer 22

Streptococcus may lead to acute rheumatic fever