Carbon Metaolism

Question 1

Catabolism vs Anabolism

Answer 1

Catabolism: breaks down products and releases energy in the process
Anabolism: synthesis products, uses products

Question 2

Do compounds gain energy when they are oxidized or reduced?

Answer 2

Reduced, it is gaining electrons

Question 3

Describe oxidation

Answer 3

LEO
When a compound loses electrons, it becomes oxidized. This can be by gaining oxygen bonds, or decreasing hydrogen bonds.

Question 4

Describe reduction

Answer 4

GER.
When a compound gain electrons, it becomes reduced. This can be by losing oxygen bonds or gaining hydrogen.

Question 5

What enzymes remove electrons from compounds? Add?

Answer 5

Dehydrogenases
Reductases

Question 6

What is a catalyst?

Answer 6

anything that will increase the rate of a chemical reaction that is not consumed

Question 7

Can you artificially synthesize enzymes?

Answer 7

Yes, we saw the first synthetic enzyme in 2010.

Question 8

How do enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction.

Answer 8

It lowers the activation energy.

Question 9

What examples of catalysts?

Answer 9

Enzymes
Ribozymes
DNAzyme

Question 10

What a pathway?

Answer 10

Series of enzymes, product of one reaction is the substrate for the next.

Question 11

What are inhibitors?

Answer 11

Competitive (binds to active site)
Non-competitive (binds to another site)

Question 12

What belongs to aerobic respiration pathway?

Answer 12

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate Oxidation
3. TCA/Krebs/Citric
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Question 13

What is glycolysis?

Answer 13

1. Take glucose (6C)
2. Oxidize glucose (Use ATP)
3. Net produce Pyruvate, NADH. and ATP

Question 14

What is pyruvate decarboxylation?

Answer 14

1. Take pyruvate
2. Oxidize pyruvate
3. Produce Acetyl-CoA and NADH

Question 15

What is TCA cycle?

Answer 15

1. Take Acetyl-CoA
2. Oxidize acetyl-CoA
3. Produce CO2 (1C), NADH, FADH2, ATP

Question 16

How is NADH recycled?

Answer 16

Electron acceptors such as O2, NO3-, S, and pyruvate
1. O2 used in ETC
2. Pyruvate in fermentation

Question 17

What is alcoholic fermentation

Answer 17

Used when oxygen is depleted.
1. Take pyruvate
2. Oxidize pyruvate
3. Produce Ethanol and NAD+

Question 18

What is lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 18

Used when oxygen is depleted.
1. Take pyruvate
2. Oxidize pyruvate
3. Produce lactic acid and NAD+

Question 19

How can other carbohydrates be used for central catabolism?

Answer 19

Carbohydrates are converted to glucose or fructose and enter glycolysis

Question 20

How can lipids be used in central catabolism?

Answer 20

Lipids are converted to
Glycerol (into glycolysis)
Fatty acid (into acetyl-CoA)

Question 21

How are proteins used in central catabolism?

Answer 21

Proteins broken into amino acids, which are deaminated (various points)

Question 22

How are polysaccharides made from carbon?

Answer 22

glycolytic intermediates can make various sugars

Question 23

How are lipids made from carbon?

Answer 23

Glycerol and acetate (make fatty acids)

Question 24

How are nucleic acids made form carbon?

Answer 24

Pentose from pentose phosphate shunt

Question 25

What are the different uses of glucose?

Answer 25

1. Pentose synthesis
2. Fatty acid synthesis
3. Form polymers for energy storage
4. Broken down for energy production