Carbon Metaolism Flashcards
Catabolism vs Anabolism
Catabolism: breaks down products and releases energy in the process
Anabolism: synthesis products, uses products
Do compounds gain energy when they are oxidized or reduced?
Reduced, it is gaining electrons
Describe oxidation
LEO
When a compound loses electrons, it becomes oxidized. This can be by gaining oxygen bonds, or decreasing hydrogen bonds.
Describe reduction
GER.
When a compound gain electrons, it becomes reduced. This can be by losing oxygen bonds or gaining hydrogen.
What enzymes remove electrons from compounds? Add?
Dehydrogenases
Reductases
What is a catalyst?
anything that will increase the rate of a chemical reaction that is not consumed
Can you artificially synthesize enzymes?
Yes, we saw the first synthetic enzyme in 2010.
How do enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction.
It lowers the activation energy.
What examples of catalysts?
Enzymes
Ribozymes
DNAzyme
What a pathway?
Series of enzymes, product of one reaction is the substrate for the next.
What are inhibitors?
Competitive (binds to active site)
Non-competitive (binds to another site)
What belongs to aerobic respiration pathway?
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate Oxidation
- TCA/Krebs/Citric
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
What is glycolysis?
- Take glucose (6C)
- Oxidize glucose (Use ATP)
- Net produce Pyruvate, NADH. and ATP
What is pyruvate decarboxylation?
- Take pyruvate
- Oxidize pyruvate
- Produce Acetyl-CoA and NADH
What is TCA cycle?
- Take Acetyl-CoA
- Oxidize acetyl-CoA
- Produce CO2 (1C), NADH, FADH2, ATP
How is NADH recycled?
Electron acceptors such as O2, NO3-, S, and pyruvate
1. O2 used in ETC
2. Pyruvate in fermentation
What is alcoholic fermentation
Used when oxygen is depleted.
1. Take pyruvate
2. Oxidize pyruvate
3. Produce Ethanol and NAD+
What is lactic acid fermentation?
Used when oxygen is depleted.
1. Take pyruvate
2. Oxidize pyruvate
3. Produce lactic acid and NAD+
How can other carbohydrates be used for central catabolism?
Carbohydrates are converted to glucose or fructose and enter glycolysis
How can lipids be used in central catabolism?
Lipids are converted to
Glycerol (into glycolysis)
Fatty acid (into acetyl-CoA)
How are proteins used in central catabolism?
Proteins broken into amino acids, which are deaminated (various points)
How are polysaccharides made from carbon?
glycolytic intermediates can make various sugars
How are lipids made from carbon?
Glycerol and acetate (make fatty acids)
How are nucleic acids made form carbon?
Pentose from pentose phosphate shunt
What are the different uses of glucose?
- Pentose synthesis
- Fatty acid synthesis
- Form polymers for energy storage
- Broken down for energy production
