Immunology Flashcards
Difference between adaptive and innate?
Innate - immediate, non-specific response
Adaptive - discriminates, has memory
How is immune memory important to prevent reinfection
it has a quicker response
1st line of defense
skin
mucus membranes
normal flora
2nd line of defense
phagocytic white blood cells, fever, inflammation, antimicrobial substances
3rd line of defense
specialized lymphobcytes
antibodies
What are three main types of white blood leukocytes?
B cells
T cells
NK cells
What are three types of phagocytic leukocytes?
nuetrophils
macrophages
dendritic cells
What are three types of lymphcytes?
B cells
T cells
NK cells
What are 4 cytokines that are produced by ganulocytes and state their functions?
chemokines - allow chemotaxis to site of infection
interferon - antivira, activates inflammatory response
interleukins - growth and differentiation of leukocytes, inflmmatory response
tumor necrosis factors - kill tumor cells
How do phagocytes recognize pathogens?
By using pattern receptors that recognize PAMPS:
Toll-like receptor (membrane)
RLR (cytoplasm)
NLR (cytoplasm)
What are PAMPS
pathogen associated molecular patterns that are binded by TLR
What happens when TLR binds to PAMP?
- release of inflammatory mediators
- release of signals to activate the immune response
- apoptosis
What are antimicrobial peptides?
Part of the complement system that destroys any microbe
What activates complement system?
C3b protein
mannan-binding lectins (MBL)
antibodies
Result of complement system?
inflammation
pore complex
cells get opsonized
What is inflammation?
response to trauma or infection that can cause swelling, localized heat, redness, or pain
What do cytokines do?
- increase blood flow to wound
- cause production of adhesin molecules within capillary
- make capillary walls porous
How is inflammation good?
- allows phagocytes to get to invaders
- enhances new capillary growth
- cytokines cause to fever
What is inflammation
- increase blood flow
- produce adhesin
- make capillary wall porous
How is inflammation bad
- fever can become too high
- too much blood can leave the capillaries
- clots can occur in the capillaries and lead to organ failure
How does a runaway inflammatory response cause septic shock?
extreme clotting leads to organ failure
What is the function of cellular and humoral branches of the adaptive immune response?
Cellular: recognizes intracellular invaders
Humoral: produce antibodies
What does it mean for a phagocyte to present an antigen
macrophages and dendritic cels presents antigens to T cell to activate adaptive immunity
How do you distinguish the roles of Tc cells, Th cells and antibodies
Tc cells release perforin to kill infected cells
Th cells release cytokines to activate B cells and stimulate B cells
antibodies: binds bacteria
