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BIOL 221 > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Sterilization

A

all microorganisms dead (even endospores)

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2
Q

Pasteurization

A

reduce the number of microbes

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3
Q

Disinfection

A

most pathogens dead

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4
Q

Decontamination

A

reduce pathogens to a “safe” level (disease causing)

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5
Q

Sanitization

A

reduce all organisms to a “safe” level (includes even non-disease causing)

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6
Q

Know three bacterial structures

A

Endospores
Protist Cyst
Enveloped Viruses

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7
Q

Know one bacterial or eukaryotic structure that are hard to kill

A

Endospore

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8
Q

Know why naked viruses are harder to kill than enveloped viruses

A

resistant to drying and disinfectants, protein shell is very tough

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9
Q

What is water activity?

A

moisture content = vapor pressure of material / vapor pressure above pure water

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10
Q

What organisms survive best at low water activity

A

fungi like xerophilic fungi

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11
Q

What is decimal reduction time?

A

amount of time required to decrease by 1 order of magnitude (1 tenfold reduction)

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12
Q

How does decimal reduction time depend on the organism that is being killed?

A

more organisms (or biofilms) = more disinfectant time

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13
Q

How does decimal reduction time depend on the surface being decontaminated?

A

heat-sensitive, moisture-sensitive shouldn’t be sprayed
bleach cannot be used on metal

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14
Q

How does decimal reduction time depend on the decontaminant used?

A

combined procedures = less time

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15
Q

Critical medical instrument

A

direct contact with body tissue

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16
Q

Semicritical medical instrument

A

contact with mucous membranes

17
Q

Noncritical medical instrument

A

external contact only

18
Q

Why is moist heat more effect as a decontaminant than dry heat?

A

it is much more penetrating than dry heat, because of the high heat capacity of water

19
Q

How does an autoclave function?

A

uses steam and pressure to reach a temperature of 121, has steam supply and exhaust pipe

20
Q

What are three methods that are used to pasteurize liquids?

A
  1. Batch Pasteurization (63C for 30 minutes)
  2. Flash Pasteurization (72C for 15 seconds)
  3. Ultra pasteurization (150C for 1 sec)
21
Q

What is the difference between a membrane filter and a depth (HEPA) filter?

A

Membrane filter: 0.2um pore (virus pass through)
HEPA filter: uses filter matrix

22
Q

What types of radiation can be used to kill bacteria? What cannot?

A

Ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays) and UV rays can kill bacteria

microwaves cannot

23
Q

What three bacterial structures that can serve as targets for chemical disinfectants.

A
  1. Cytoplasmic membrane
  2. Protein
  3. DNA
24
Q

What is the mode of action for alcohol?

A

damage lipid membranes and denature proteins

25
Q

What is the mode of action for aldehydes?

A

crosslink and rigidify proteins

26
Q

What is the mode of action for chlorhexidine?

A

makes membranes leaky

27
Q

What is the mode of action for ethylene oxide?

A

gaseous sterilant; oxidize DNA

28
Q

What is the mode of action for halogens?

A

oxidize proteins

29
Q

What is the mode of action for heavy metals?

A

derivatize cysteine to prevent protein disulfide bonds

30
Q

What is the mode of action for peroxide?

A

oxidize proteins

31
Q

What is the mode of action for phenols?

A

dissolve lipid membranes

32
Q

What is the mode of action for quaternary amines?

A

dissolve membranes

33
Q

What happened in Milwaukee in 1993?

A

water treatment plant had bad filters, crypto cysts caused people to get diarrhea

34
Q

How was the overuse of triclosan led to increased bacterial resistance?

A

triclosan was acting like an antibiotic, so when they adapted they became resistant to triclosan and other antibiotics

BIOL 221 (41 decks)

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