Lecture 3.1 Flashcards
What defines infertility
No conception after 12 months of unprotected intercourse
Who defines primary infertility
The abscence of a live birht for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least five years, during which they have not used any contraceptives
WHO defines secondary infertility as
Absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least five years since their last live birth during which they did not use any contraceptives
3 male infertility factors
Abnormal sperm production or function
Problems with the delivery of sperm
Overexposure to certain environmental factors
Abnormal sperm production or function
Low sperm count
Abnormal sperm morphology
Abnormal motility of sperm
Normal sperm count
15-150 million per mL
22mL per ejaculations
Reasons for abnormal sperm production of function
Undescended testicles Genetic defects/ hormone imbalance Health problems Infections Variocele- enlarged veins of pampiniform plexus
Problems with delivery of sperm
Sexual problems
Structural problems/blockages
Sexual problems include
Premature ejaculation
Erectile dysfunction
Structural problems include
Blockage in the efferent duct , vas deference, urethra
Damage or injury to the reproductive organs
Retrograde ejaculation into bladder
Over exposure to certain environmental factors
Pesticides
Smoking, alcohol and certain medications
Frequent exposure to heat
Cancer treatment
Female infertility factors
Ovulation disorders
Damage to fallopian tubes
Endometriosis
Uterine or cervical causes
Ovulation disorders
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Primary ovarian insufficiency
Hypothalamic dysfunction
Polycystic ovary syndrome causes a
Hormone imbalance, which affects ovulation
Oligomenorrhea is
Irregular periods
More than 3 months between
Amenorrhea
No periods
Symptoms of PCOS
Oligo/amenorrhea
Obesity, hirsutism
Infertility
Multiple small cysts in ovaries
Premature ovarian failure
Females under 40 whos ovaries do not functino appropriately due to low estrogen or irregular ovum release
Hypothalamic dysfunction- FSH and LH production can be disrupted by
Excess physical or emotional stree
A very high or low body weight
A recent substantial weight gain or loss
What is hyperprolactinemia
Excess production can inhibit FSH and LH production
Causes of fallopian tube damage or blockage
Pelvic inflammatory disease (due to infection)
Previous surgery of abdomen or pelvis
Hysterosalpingogram
X ray dye introduced into uterus to assess for obstruction
Endometriosis causes
Scarring/ adhesions to fallopian tubes
Inflammation of endometrium disrupting implantation of the egg
Uterine or cervical causes of infertility
Benign polyps or tumors
Uterine abnormalities
Cervical stenosis
Abnormal cervical mucus
Hysteroscopy
Imaging technique to assess uterus and carvix
Sonohysterogram
Introduction of saline solution into uterus and US to further assess endometrial lining and obstructions
