lecture 31 Flashcards
4 categories of treatments for disorders
neurosurgical: skull opened up and intervention performed
electrophysiological: brain modified through stimulation
pharmacological: chemical injected or ingested
behavioral: treatment manipulates body or experience which influecnes brain
neurosurgical treatment
reparative: removing tumors or AV malformation correctio
improvements: methods to destroy diseased tissue without opening skull (radiosurgery)
improved imaging of target
DBS: neurosurgical
electrodes implanted to sitmulate with low voltage current
treat parkinsons, TBI, OCD, depression
makes brain more plastic and receptive
several years but not permanent
stem cell: neurosurgical
pluriopotent stem cells that differentiate into neurons/glia to repair damaged tissue
- not in clinical use
- not rejected by immune system
electroconvulsive therapy: electrophysiological
electrical current produces seizures as a treatment for depression
- stimulate production of neurotrophic factors that restore inactive cells
problems with ECT
need to medicate person to avoid massive convulsions caused by electrical stimulation
leads to memory loss
Transcranial magnetic stimulation: electrohphysiological
magnetic coil placed over scalp induces electrical current in brain regions
applied to focal areas (size of quarter) in specific disorders
only area of cortex or layers of tissue
- promising for depression
pharmacological treatments
neuroleptics for schizophrenia
anxiolytics for anxiety
L-dopa for parkinsons
- want to develop drugs to correct imbalances with selectivity and few side effects
downsides of pharmacological treatments
acute and chronic side effects: drowsiness and sexual dysfunction from axiolytic
secondary: initial and long term effects ex sleep loss causes cognitive problems
- dont provide behavioral tools for coping
tardive dyskinesia
inability to stop the tongue, hands ect from moving as side effect of neuroleptic drugs, can last long after person stops taking drug
behavioral treatments
brain alters behavior and behavior can alter brain
can have synergistic effects with drugs
- drugs make brain more receptive to BTs
behavior modification: behavioral
identify and modify maldaptive behaviors that lead to disorder reinforcement (operant/classical conditioning) systematic desensitization (exposure therapy)
cognitive therapy: behavioral
thoughts intevene between events and emotions, negative interpretation = negative emotions
- challenge persons attitudes and assumptions
- important for people with brain injuries
neuropsychological therapy: behavioral
cognitive/behavioral skills lost due to brain injury can be relearned
- retrain people in cognitive processes they have lost (speech therapy)
improved outcomes following TBI and stroke
emotional therapy (psychotherapy) : behavioral
talking about emotional problems enables people to gain insights to their causes
- address unwanted behaviors directly
- better treatment adherence, reduced subjective burden of disease and lower suicide rates
