lecture 10

Question 1

3 ways to measure brain and behaviorf

Answer 1

measure brain and behavior
manipulate brain, measure behavior (neurosurgery/drugs
manipulate behavior, measure brain (restrict function)

Question 2

what is the problem with testing humans

Answer 2

human behavior is very complex and its hard to isolate functions
ex. rare for someone to be impaired in all forms of memory because it is not a single function

Question 3

corsi block tapping test

Answer 3

subject has to repeat sequence tapped out by examiner

- tests temporal lobe (hippocampus) short term recall of spatial position

Question 4

mirror drawing task

Answer 4

trace the outline of an object by looking at mirror, difficult to do at first but you get better over time
- tests procedural memory (basal ganglia)

Question 5

recency memory task

Answer 5

identify if objects have been seen previously and which was more recent
- tests temporal form of memory

Question 6

3 human behavioraltests

Answer 6

corsi block tapping
mirror drawing
recency memory task

Question 7

skilled reaching task

Answer 7

rats trained to reach through slot to obtain food
movements are differently affected by different types of neurological damage
- tests motor control and motor learning (M1)

Question 8

morris water maze- place learning

Answer 8

rats find platform using external cues

Question 9

morris water maze- matching to place learning

Answer 9

platformis in the same location each trial but a different location each day

Question 10

morris water maze- cue learning

Answer 10

platform identified by a cue on the pool

Question 11

two reasons to measure/manipulate brain and behavior

Answer 11

develop and test hypotheses about brain/behavioral relations

develop animal models of neurological and psychiatric disorders

Question 12

karl lashley

Answer 12

used ablation to look for neural representation of memory but didnt find it

Question 13

stereotaxic apparatus

Answer 13

surgical device permits targeting a specific part of brain for ablation
(karl lashley couldnt reach lower subcortical layers)

Question 14

3 types of lesions

Answer 14

electrolyitic: lower electrode into brain at specific stereotactic coordinates and pass current through
neurotoxic: neuron killing chemical injected into brain
reversible lesions: regional cooling prevents synaptic transmission, administration of GABA agonist

Question 15

brain stimulation

Answer 15

wilder penfield-
use electrode to stimulate areas of cortex
ex. hypothalamus stimulation causes rats to eat

Question 16

deep brain stimulation

Answer 16

electrodes stimulate area with low-voltage current to facilitate behavior
- used for parkinsons, depression, OCD

Question 17

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 17

magnetic coil placed over the skull to stimulate the underlying behavior
- either induce or disrupt behavior

Question 18

3 other manipulations of the brain

Answer 18

drugs- effects wear off when drugs metabolized but hard to pass through BBB
optogenetics- uses light to activate genetically modifued cells to activate ion channels, high temporal and spatial resolution
chemogenetics- genes code for receptors that respond to drugs with high specificity

Question 19

measuring neuroanatomy

Answer 19

direct observation
histology
electrical activity
imaging techniques
chemical analysis

Question 20

what can histology be used for

Answer 20

to look for modifications in the organization of cells in regions
- dendritic arburization or spine number
to look for newly generated cells

Question 21

testing hippocampus- paired objects

Answer 21

healthy rats spend more time investigating object out of context
damaged ones treat new object at chance level which indicates that htey dont remember it is different

Question 22

4 techniques for measuring brains electrical activity

Answer 22

1. single cell recording
2. electroencephalography
3. eevnt related potentials
4. magnetoencephalography

Question 23

single cell recordinga

Answer 23

use fine electrodes to measure single-neuron AP
extra- next to cells (up to 40 neurons)
intra- inside cells

Question 24

place cells

Answer 24

neurons in hippocampus vigourously fire when animal is in a specific place in the environment

Question 25

head direction cell

Answer 25

fire when head is facing specific direction

Question 26

EEG

Answer 26

changes as behavior changes

displays patterns of awake/drowsy/deep sleep

Question 27

ERP

Answer 27

EEG is used to detect ERPs- graded potentials triggered by sensory stimulus

• in response to specific sensory event
• averaged to cancel noise

Question 28

magnetoencephalography

Answer 28

generate electric field/magnetic field

• record magnetic potentials from detectors outside skull (SQUIDS)
• 3D localization of cell groups
• higher resolution then ERP but high cost