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HUBS191 > Lecture 31 > Flashcards

Lecture 31 Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood composed of?

A

Plasma and cells

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2
Q

How much of the blood does plasma make up?

A

55%

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3
Q

How much blood does the formed elements make up?

A

45%

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4
Q

What is found in the plasma?

A

Proteins (including antibodies/ immunoglobulin), other solutes and water.

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5
Q

What is found in the formed elements?

A

Platelets, white blood cells (leukocytes) and red blood cells

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6
Q

Where is the source of blood?

A

Bone marrow stem cells

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7
Q

What are the three blood cell lineages?

A

Erythroid, Myeloid and lymphoid

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8
Q

What is erythroid cell lineages?

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

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9
Q

What is myeloid cell lineages?

A

Granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells and platelets (innate immune cells)

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10
Q

What is lymphoid cell lineages?

A

B and T lymphocytes (Adaptive immune cells)

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11
Q

Neutrophils are 75% of all leukocytes, true or false?

A

True

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12
Q

Are neutrophils highly phagocytic?

A

Yes

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13
Q

When do the numbers of neutrophils increase?

A

When there is an infection.

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14
Q

What is neutrophils job?

A

To “eat and kill” bad bacteria

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15
Q

What can neutrophils do to trap microbes?

A

They can eat them or spit out DNA net traps

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16
Q

Where do mast cells line?

A

Mucosal surfaces, they are not found in blood

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17
Q

What do mast cells release to attract white blood cells?

A

Granules? fix

18
Q

Are monocytes present in blood?

A

Yes

19
Q

What happens when a monocyte leaves the blood?

A

It forms a macrophage, as it gains cytoplasm and nucleus increase, it also becomes high in phagocytosis

20
Q

What are the 3 important functions of the macrophage?

A
  1. phagocytosis (professional eaters)
  2. Release of chemical messengers
  3. Show information about pathogenic microbes to T cells
21
Q

What are dendritic cells most important for?

A

To help trigger adaptive immune responses

22
Q

Where are dendritic cells found?

A

Found in all tissues in contact with the environment and in small amounts in the blood.

23
Q

How do cells of the immune system move around the body?

A

Cells are carried in the blood and in the lymph

24
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Disease-causing microbes

25
Q

What are some of the common building blocks of viruses?

A

Nucleic acids: ssRNA, dsRNA

26
Q

What is some common building blocks of bacteria?

A

Cell wall: lipopolysaccharides (LPS)/ endotoxins, lipoteichoic acid
Flagella: Flagellin
Nucleic acid: Unmethylated CpG DNA

27
Q

How do you recognise patterns in bacteria and viruses?

A

Toll-like receptors

28
Q

How do toll-like receptors allow the cell to identify bacteria and viruses?

A

Cell signalling to regulate gene transcription

29
Q

Why do you find phagolysosomes inside the cell?

A

Intact molecules are swallowed in the cell whole, so the phagolysosomes engulf the virus/bacteria to digest it/ break it down.

30
Q

What occurs when you get a fever?

A
  • Abnormally high temperature
  • Re-setting of the thermostat (in the hypothalamus)
  • Pyrogens- released by cells of the immune system
  • Phagocytes produce the chemical messenger and pyrogen interleukin-1 (IL-1) after ingesting bacteria
  • Decreasing phagocytosis decreases IL-1, therefore, decreases your temperature.
31
Q

What do granulocytes do?

A

Circulate in the blood and can move into the tissue during inflammation

32
Q

Why does a dendritic cell have such a large surface area?

A

Increases the chance that it will come in contact with a bacteria or invading organism

33
Q

Why are dendritic cells in very low numbers?

A

Because they are very potent and they are found in all tissues that are in contact with the environment.

34
Q

Can cells leave blood to enter tissues?

A

Yes

35
Q

What do lymphs in tissues do?

A

They collect into lymphatic vessels. These drain lymph into lymph nodes

36
Q

How do you recognise pamps?

A

Through PRR or pattern recognition receptors.

37
Q

Where are the PRR on innate cells and platelets and what do they do?

A

On the surface, which allows them to recognise common bacterial cell wall components or yeast cell wall components.

38
Q

Where are the toll like receptors?

A

In the lipid bilayer there are toll like receptors, although a little bit sticks out the edge of the cell to recognise the common molecular patters.

39
Q

Why are there toll-like receptors in the cell and what does it do?

A

For signalling within the cell, once it binds to one of those particular cell wall components, it can send signals through a bunch of enzymes that send a cascade of signalling through to the nucleus, then regulate or alter gene transcription.

40
Q

Can the phagolysosome also send out messages to the nucleus to alter gene transcription?

A

Yes

HUBS191 (28 decks)

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