Lecture 26

Question 1

What are the two types of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 1

Type 1 is hypo-secretion and type 2 is hyposensitive

Question 2

What is hypo-secretion and what causes this condition?

Answer 2

Too little or no insulin secreted and is caused by destruction of pancreatic beta cells by the immune system.

Question 3

What are some outcomes of hypo-secretion?

Answer 3

Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia (thirsty), diabetic neuropathy, heart problems, diabetic retinopathy, disrupted blood flow and many more.

Question 4

What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 4

Insulin injections or infusion

Question 5

What is hypo-sensitive and what causes this condition?

Answer 5

Too little or no response to insuin “insulin resistance” and is caused desensitisation of insulin receptor and is commonly associated with obesity.

Question 6

What are some outcomes of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 6

The same as type 1 diabetes

Question 7

What is the treatment of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 7

Changes in diet and exercise. Various medications

Question 8

Where is the hypothalamus?

Answer 8

In the centre of the brain and inferior to it is the pituitary gland.

Question 9

What are the two areas of pituitary gland called?

Answer 9

Anterior and posterior lobes.

Question 10

How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland?

Answer 10

By activating the hypothalamus by neural input to get the pituitary gland to secrete hormones

Question 11

Why can pituitary tumours be a problem?

Answer 11

There isn’t enough space for a tumour to grow so it pushes on the pituitary gland.

Question 12

How is the hypothalamus connected to the posterior lobe?

Answer 12

By neurons, cells bodies in the hypothalamus, axons terminate in the posterior lobe.

Question 13

Where are posterior pituitary hormones made?

Answer 13

In the hypothalamus

Question 14

How do the hormones get sent to the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 14

They travel down the axon and are stored at the axon terminals until required.

Question 15

Where does the posterior pituitary gland release its hormones?

Answer 15

Straight into the blood

Question 16

What are the two types of hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 16

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or oxytocin, each released by seperate neurons

Question 17

What does the antidiuretic hormone do?

Answer 17

Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water ( the kidneys conserve water when the body dehydrates)

Question 18

What does oxytocin hormone do?

Answer 18

Stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles during childbirth and stimulates milk release in breastfeeding

Question 19

How is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

Answer 19

Connected by blood vessels.

Question 20

How does the hypothalamus get the anterior pituitary gland to release hormones?

Answer 20

Hypothalamic hormones simulate or inhibit release of stored hormones from specific anterior pituitary cells, by travelling through the blood and binding to cells with the right receptor in it and causes those cells to release their own hormones.

Question 21

What does the anterior pituitary hormone do?

Answer 21

Stimulates a target organ to release another hormone

Question 22

Can the pituitary hormone inhibit the hypothalamus?

Answer 22

Sometimes

Question 23

In the hypothalamus what does it release to form growth hormone in the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 23

Growth hormone releasing hormone

Question 24

What does the growth hormone cause the release of?

Answer 24

It causes the release of somatomedian C from the liver

Question 25

Does the somatomedin c feedback to the hypothalamus

Answer 25

Yes it inhibits the hypothalamus to tell it to stop releasing growth hormone releasing hormone.

Question 26

What hormone is released when somatomedin C gives positive feedback?

Answer 26

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone. SS (Somatostatin)

Question 27

What does the growth hormone inhibiting hormone do?

Answer 27

It prevents the anterior pituitary gland from releasing more growth hormones

Question 28

What are some indirects effects of GH?

Answer 28

Promotes the growth of bones, muscles and other tissues by causing release of somatomedin C which promotes cell division.

Question 29

What are the direct effects on GH for muscles?

Answer 29

Stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits cellular uptake of glucose

Question 30

What are the direct effects on GH for the liver?

Answer 30

Stimulates glucose synthesis

Question 31

What are the direct effects on GH for fats?

Answer 31

Increases triglyceride breakdown in the adipose tissue

Question 32

Does Gh hormone have a long term or short term effect on growth?

Answer 32

Long term

Question 33

Does GH hormone have a long term or short term effect on metabolism?

Answer 33

Short term

Question 34

When does the growth hormone peak?

Answer 34

At night, because it gives your body a chance to repair while sleeping.

Question 35

When do you have the most amounts of growth hormones?

Answer 35

When you hit puberty and degrades over time.

Question 36

What are some growth hormone disorders?

Answer 36

Gigantism and dwarfism

Question 37

What is gigantism?

Answer 37

Excess growth hormone, a result of a pituitary tumour which causes thickening of bone tissues. Can be over 7 foot tall.

Question 38

What is dwarfism?

Answer 38

Not enough growth hormone, they are in proportion as they are growing equally but not enough to fully develop.