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HUBS191 > Lecture 30 > Flashcards

Lecture 30 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system composed of?

A

Organs, cells and molecules

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2
Q

What is the immune system?

A

An organised system of organs, cells and molecules that interact together to defend the body against disease

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3
Q

What are some examples of diseases affected by the immune response?

A

Cancer, inflammatory diseases and infectious diseases

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4
Q

What are some examples of inflammatory diseases?

A

Arthritis, allergy/asthma, lupus, diabetes, Crohn’s disease/ inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis

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5
Q

What are some examples of infectious diseases?

A

HIV/ AIDS, tuberculosis, influenza and malaria

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6
Q

What are microbes?

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa

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7
Q

What are the primary organs used for?

A

Production of white blood cells

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8
Q

What are the secondary organs used for?

A

Sites where immune responses are initiated

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9
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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10
Q

What is bone marrow the source of?

A

The source of stem cells that develop into cell of the innate and adaptive immune responses

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11
Q

What does the thymus do?

A

Its a “school” for white blood cells called T cells, developing T cells learn to not react to self

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12
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes

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13
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

Located along the lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid from blood and tissue if filtered, the site of initiation of immune responses

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14
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Site of initiation for immune responses against blood-borne pathogens

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15
Q

How many layers of defense does the immune system have?

A

3

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16
Q

What is the first layer of defense?

A

Chemical and physical barriers

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17
Q

What is the second layer of defense?

A

The innate ‘arm’

18
Q

What is the third layer of defense?

A

Adaptive ‘arm’

19
Q

What are the chemical and physical barriers?

A

Skin and mucosal surfaces, organisms can get in from cuts, things that cut the skin.

20
Q

What are the two layers of skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

21
Q

What is the epidermis made up of?

A

Dead cells, keratin and phagocytic immune cells

22
Q

What is the dermis made up of?

A

Thick layer of connective tissue, collagen and blood vessels and phagocytic immune cells.

23
Q

Why is it good to have dead cells on the skin?

A

Any microbes or organisms get flushed away as dead skin falls off all throughout the day.

24
Q

Where are dendritic cells found? and what do they do?

A

In the lower level of the epidermis, where they recognise bacteria for a fast responses.

25
Q

What is the chemical defense of the skin?

A

Antimicrobial peptides e.g pores in microbial cell membranes
Lysozyme breaks down bacterial cell walls
Sebum: low pH
Salt: hypertonic

26
Q

What is the mucous membrane and what is it made up of?

A

1-2 layers

Epithelium: tightly packed live cells, constantly renewed, mucus-producing goblet cells

27
Q

What systems are the mucosal membrane cells in?

A

Ocular, respiratory, oral and urogenital/ rectal

28
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator?

A

Cilia move the mucus up to the pharynx

29
Q

What are other mucosal surface chemical defenses?

A 
Stomach has low pH
Gall bladder- Bile
Intestine- digestive enzymes
Mucus
Defensins
Lysozyme (tears, urine)
30
Q

What are the innate defenses?

A

Surface barriers and internal defenses

31
Q

What does the surface barriers consist of?

A

Skin and mucous membranes

32
Q

What does the internal defenses consist of?

A 
Phagocytes
Natural killer cells
Inflammation
Antimicrobial proteins
Fever
33
Q

What are some adaptive defenses?

A

Humoral immunity and cellular immunity

34
Q

What makes up the humoral immunity?

A

B cells

35
Q

What makes up the cellular immunity?

A

T cells

36
Q

How fast does the innate immunity respond?

A

Rapid (hours)

37
Q

How fast does the adaptive immunity respond?

A

Slow (days to weeks)

38
Q

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

A
  • Innate immunity is already in place, its rapid, fixed, limited specificities na has no specific memory
    where as:
  • Adaptive immunity improves during the response, its very slow, variable, highly specific and has long term specific memory
39
Q

What does it mean by limited specificities in innate immunity?

A

Detects molecular components shared by many pathogens

40
Q

What does it mean by highly specific in adaptive immunity?

A

Detects molecular components specific to individual pathogens

HUBS191 (28 decks)

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