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First Semester: Physiology 1 > Lecture 30: Respiration 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 30: Respiration 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Two stages of respiration

A
  1. External respiration

2. Internal respiration

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2
Q

External respiration

A

The entire sequence of events involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and the cells of the body

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3
Q

Internal respiration

A

Intracellular metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria which use O2 and produce CO2 during the derivation of energy from nutrient molecules

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4
Q

Two zones of the respiratory system

A
  1. Conducting zone - brings air in and out of lungs

2. Respiratory zone - Lined with alveoli where gas exchange occurs

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5
Q

what is the main airway of the conducting zone?

A

trachea

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6
Q

Trachea and larger bronchiole structure

A

rigid non-muscular tubes enriched by a series of cartilaginous rings that prevent compression of the tubes

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7
Q

Do the smaller bronchioles in the conducting zone have cartilage?

A

Nope

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8
Q

What kind of muscle and innervation does the conducting zone have?

A

Smooth muscle

Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations

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9
Q

Sympathetic adrenergic neurons in the conducting zone

A

Activate B-adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle which creates relaxation and dilation of the airways

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10
Q

Parasympathetic cholinergic neurons in the conducting zone

A

Activate muscarinic receptors which creates contraction and constriction of the airways

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11
Q

How does the ANS influence resistance and airflow?

A

Changes in diameter in the conducting airways leads to changes in their resistance

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12
Q

What are B adrenergic agonists like epinephrine used for

A

To dilate airways in the treatment of asthma

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13
Q

4 parts of the respiratory zone

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
  4. Alveoli
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14
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A
  • Alveoli occasionally bud off their walls
  • Contains smooth muscle
  • Have limited ability for gas exchanges
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15
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

Respiratory bronchioles branch into many alveolar ducts which lead into microscopic air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange takes place

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16
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

A group of two or more alveoli with a common opening into an alveolar duct

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17
Q

Functional unit of the lung

A

Alveoli

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18
Q

Alveolar walls consists of

A
  • a single layer of flattened Type 1 alveolar cells
  • contains Type II alveolar cells which synthesize pulmonary surfactant which is necessary for the reduction of surface tension of alveoli
  • Alveolar macrophages that keep alveoli free of debris
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19
Q

Two hormones that affect Type II alveolar cells

A
  • Thyroid hormone - increases their number in the wall of the alveoli
  • Cortisol - enhances their maturation
20
Q

Lungs are housed in

A

Airtight thoracic cavity

21
Q

Four things the thoracic cavity is composed of

A
  1. Several pairs of ribs
  2. Sternum
  3. Intercostal muscles between ribs
  4. Thoracic vertebrae
22
Q

The only communication between thorax and atmosphere is through

A

respiratory airways into the alveoli

23
Q

Pleural sac

A

Separates each lung from thoracic wall and other surrounding structures
Double wall closed sac

24
Q

Intra-pleural fluid

A
  • Secreted by pleural membranes

- Lubricates the pleural surfaces, thereby reducing friction as they slide past each other during breathing

25
Q

Two types of inflammation of the pleural sac

A
  1. Dry pleurisy

2. Wet pleurisy

26
Q

Dry pleurisy

A
  • Fluid content remains unchanged by disease
  • Two layers of membrane may become swollen and rub against each other during breathing
  • Pain
27
Q

Wet pleurisy

A
  • Fluid increases abnormally
  • Less likely to cause pain because there is usually no chaffing
  • Fluid may interfere with breathing
28
Q

Atmosphere exerts pressure known as

A

Barometric or atmospheric pressure

29
Q

At sea level, atmospheric pressure is equal to

A

760 mmHg

30
Q

Individual pressure exerted by a particular gas

A

Partial pressure

31
Q

Air is ____ on entering respiratory passages

A

humidified

32
Q

Partial pressure of water vapor at normal body temperature is

A

47 mmHg

33
Q

Water vapor dilutes all other gases in inspired air, thus gas pressure in the trachea =

A

760 - 47 = 713 mmHg

34
Q

PO2 of humidified tracheal air =

A

(760-47 mmHg) x 0.21 = 150 mmHg

35
Q

Changes in respiratory pressure during breathing are sometimes expressed as

A

relative pressire

36
Q

A positive or negative pressure indicates that the pressure is

A

relative to atmospheric pressure and is respectively, above or below atmospheric pressure

37
Q

When relative pressures are used, atmospheric pressure is set at

A

0

38
Q

Intra-alveolar pressure

A
  • Pressure within alveoli that increases and decreases with each breath
  • Always equal to barometric pressure at the end of inspiration and expiration (rest period)
39
Q

Intra-pleural pressure

A
  • Within pleural sac/cavity
  • Usually less than atmospheric pressure (-4mmHg)
  • Does not equilibrate because no communication between pleural cavity and atmosphere or the lungs
40
Q

Transpulmonary pressure

A
  • Pressure gradient that holds the lung open

- Period of rest between breathing cycles when no air is moving into or out of the lungs

41
Q

If intrapleural pressure were ever to equilibrate with atmospheric pressure

A

the transmural pressure would be abolished, meaning the lungs and thorax would assume their own inherent dimensions

42
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in chest

43
Q

Atelectasis

A

The lungs collapse to their unstretched size with no force present to stretch the lungs

44
Q

Traumatic pneumothorax

A

A puncture in the chest wall that permits air from the atmosphere to flow down pressure gradient and enter the pleural cavity abolishing the transmural pressure gradient

45
Q

Spontaneous pneumothorax

A

Hole in lung will permit air to move down pressure gradient and enter the pleural cavity from the lungs, abolishing the transmural pressure gradient

First Semester: Physiology 1 (34 decks)

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