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first semester: physiology 1 > Lecture 16: Blood 1-3 > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Blood 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood transports (4)

A
  • O2 from the lungs to the cells of the blood and vice versa
  • Nutrients from GI tract to body cells
  • Heat and waste products away from the cells
  • Hormones from endocrine glands to other body cells
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2
Q

Blood helps to regulate body temperature by

A

Mainly increasing or decreasing blood flow to the skin for heat exchange

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3
Q

Blood helps to regulate pH through

A

Buffers
Example:
-Hemoglobin combines with CO2
-Hemoglobin binds H+ ions

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4
Q

Blood helps to regulate electrolytes and water in body fluids by

A

Influencing dissolved protiens

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5
Q

Pc

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

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6
Q

Pi

A

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

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7
Q

(pi)c

A

Capillary osmotic pressure

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8
Q

(pi)i

A

Interstitial osmotic pressure

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9
Q

Prevention of blood loss through

A

clotting

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10
Q

Combats microorganisms and other substances through

A

white blood cells or specialized plasma proteins

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11
Q

Viscosity of blood vs. water

A

Because blood contains red blood cells, it is thicker and heavier than water and also flows more slowly than water

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12
Q

Temperature of blood

A
  • Slightly higher than body temperature

- Absorbs heat generated by active skeletal muscle and redistributes it to other tissues

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13
Q

Slight alkalinity of blood

A
  • pH is between 7.35 and 7.45

- Arterial blood is more alkaline than venous because it has less CO2

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14
Q

Plasma proteins normally remain in

A

plasma

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15
Q

How do plasma proteins act as buffer systems

A
  • Free carboxyl groups (-COOH) at one end of the protein acts like an acid by releasing H+ when pH arises
  • Free amino group (-NH2) at the other end of a protein can act as a base by combining with H+ ions when the pH falls
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16
Q

Plasma proteins establish osmotic gradient between

A

Blood and interstitial fluid

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17
Q

Osmotic pressure is the primary force responsible for

A

Preventing excessive loss of plasma from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid and thus helps maintain plasma volume

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18
Q

Three primary classes of plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen

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19
Q

Albumins

A
  • Make up 55% percent of plasma proteins
  • Major contributors to the osmotic pressure of plasma
  • Important in the transport of fatty acids
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20
Q

Globulins percentage

A

-Make up 38% of plasma proteins

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21
Q

Two types of globulins

A
  • Transport globulins

- Immunoglobulins

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22
Q

Transport globulins

A
  • Thyroid binding globulin (binds and transports thyroxine)
  • Transcortin (transports ACTH and cortisol)
  • Transferrin (transports ions)
  • Lipoproteins (transports lipids)
  • Steriod-binding proteins (transports steroid hormones like sex hormones)
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23
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Antibodies, crucial to the defense mechanisms of the body

24
Q

Fibrinogen

A
  • About 7% of plasma proteins

- Functions in blood clotting

25
Q

Regulatory plasma proteins

A

Polypeptide hormones such as insulin and thyroid stimulating hormones and prolactin

26
Q

More than 90% of plasma proteins are produced here, including albumins, fibrinogens, and most of the globulins

A

Liver

27
Q

Lymphocytes produce

A

Immunoglobulins

28
Q

Plasma hormones are produced by

A

Many different endocrine organs

29
Q

Composition of plasma resembles that of

A

Interstitial fluid

Differ markedly from those found inside living cells

30
Q

Primary differences between plasma and interstitial fluid

A
  1. Concentration of dissolved proteins: Plasma has circulating plasma proteins that cannot cross walls of blood vessels and thus cannot enter interstitial fluid
  2. Levels of respiratory gases: oxygen enters the blood in the lungs and CO2 enters blood from the tissues
31
Q

Formed elements are produced through the process of _______ or ______ which takes place in the bone marrow

A
  • Hemopoiesis

- Hematopoiesis

32
Q

When a hemocytoblast divides, it can either

A

Replace itself or become committed to a particular pathway, producing myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells

33
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

After birth, some lymphocytes are formed in the bone marrow, but most are formed from lymphoid stem cells in lymphoid tissue

34
Q

Under the influence of erythropoietin, myeloid stem cells

A

develop into reticulocytes and then erythrocytes (RBC)

35
Q

Under the influence of thrombopoietin, myeloid stem cells

A

develop into megakaryocytes and then platelets

36
Q

Under the influence of colony stimulating factors, myeloid stem cells

A

Develop into basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes (WBC)

37
Q

Colony stimulating factors include

A
  1. Macrophage CSF: stimulates production of monocytes/macrophages
  2. Granulocytes CSF: stimulates production of granulocytes
  3. Granulocyte-macrophage CSF: stimulates production of both granulocytes and monocytes
  4. Multi-CSF: Accelerates production of granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes
38
Q

Erythrocytes are derived from

A

committed stem cells or hemocytoblasts

39
Q

Some hemocytoblasts differentiates within the bone marrow into

A

common myeloid progenitor cells

40
Q

Some progenitor cells differentiate into _____ and begin synthesizing _____

A

erythroblasts

hemoglobin

41
Q

After several divisions, the erythroblast loses its nucleus and becomes an

A

Immature RBC or reticulocytes

42
Q

Reticulocytes leave the bone marrow and enter _____ where

A

bloodstream

they continues to synthesize hemoglobin

43
Q

Production and destruction of erythrocytes are maintained at an equal rate, thus

A

if RBC are lost from the circulatory system, the rate of erythropoiesis is increased until the normal erythrocyte number is regained

44
Q

The main controller of the rate of erythropoiesis is

A

erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone produced mostly in the kidneys, that operates in a negative feedback system

45
Q

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity stimulates

A

EPO release from the kidney which stimulates development of erythrocytes in bone marrow

46
Q

Shape of erythrocytes

A

-Flat, disc shaped, indented in the middle on both sides (biconcave)

47
Q

How does shape influence function in erythrocytes?

A
  • Provides large surface area for diffusion of O2 across membrane
  • Thinness of cell allows for rapid diffusion of O2 between the exterior and interior of the cell
  • Enables them to bend and flex to travel through the narrow capillaries without rupturing
48
Q

Purpose of hemoglobin

A

transports O2

49
Q

Hemoglobin consists of

A
  1. Globin portion made of four highly folded polypeptide chains
  2. Four iron-containing non-protein heme groups
50
Q

Each of the four iron atoms can bind

A

reversibly with one molecule of oxygen

51
Q

How many O can a hemoglobin bind?

A

4

52
Q

Solubility of oxygen in plasma

A

Poor

53
Q

About ___% of oxygen is carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin

A

99

54
Q

Oxygenated hemoglobin is referred to as

A

Oxyhemoglobin

55
Q

The globin portion of hemoglobin binds to CO2 to form

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

56
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin carries __% of CO2 in blood

A

23

57
Q

The acidic ion H+ of ionized carbonic acid is generated where?
How is it buffered?

A
  • At the tissue level from CO2

- Hemoglobin, so that it minimally alters the pH of the blood

first semester: physiology 1 (34 decks)

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