Lecture 16: Blood 1-3

Question 1

Blood transports (4)

Answer 1

• O2 from the lungs to the cells of the blood and vice versa
• Nutrients from GI tract to body cells
• Heat and waste products away from the cells
• Hormones from endocrine glands to other body cells

Question 2

Blood helps to regulate body temperature by

Answer 2

Mainly increasing or decreasing blood flow to the skin for heat exchange

Question 3

Blood helps to regulate pH through

Answer 3

Buffers
Example:
-Hemoglobin combines with CO2
-Hemoglobin binds H+ ions

Question 4

Blood helps to regulate electrolytes and water in body fluids by

Answer 4

Influencing dissolved protiens

Question 5

Pc

Answer 5

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 6

Pi

Answer 6

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Question 7

(pi)c

Answer 7

Capillary osmotic pressure

Question 8

(pi)i

Answer 8

Interstitial osmotic pressure

Question 9

Prevention of blood loss through

Answer 9

clotting

Question 10

Combats microorganisms and other substances through

Answer 10

white blood cells or specialized plasma proteins

Question 11

Viscosity of blood vs. water

Answer 11

Because blood contains red blood cells, it is thicker and heavier than water and also flows more slowly than water

Question 12

Temperature of blood

Answer 12

• Slightly higher than body temperature

- Absorbs heat generated by active skeletal muscle and redistributes it to other tissues

Question 13

Slight alkalinity of blood

Answer 13

• pH is between 7.35 and 7.45

- Arterial blood is more alkaline than venous because it has less CO2

Question 14

Plasma proteins normally remain in

Answer 14

plasma

Question 15

How do plasma proteins act as buffer systems

Answer 15

• Free carboxyl groups (-COOH) at one end of the protein acts like an acid by releasing H+ when pH arises
• Free amino group (-NH2) at the other end of a protein can act as a base by combining with H+ ions when the pH falls

Question 16

Plasma proteins establish osmotic gradient between

Answer 16

Blood and interstitial fluid

Question 17

Osmotic pressure is the primary force responsible for

Answer 17

Preventing excessive loss of plasma from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid and thus helps maintain plasma volume

Question 18

Three primary classes of plasma proteins

Answer 18

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen

Question 19

Albumins

Answer 19

• Make up 55% percent of plasma proteins
• Major contributors to the osmotic pressure of plasma
• Important in the transport of fatty acids

Question 20

Globulins percentage

Answer 20

-Make up 38% of plasma proteins

Question 21

Two types of globulins

Answer 21

• Transport globulins

- Immunoglobulins

Question 22

Transport globulins

Answer 22

• Thyroid binding globulin (binds and transports thyroxine)
• Transcortin (transports ACTH and cortisol)
• Transferrin (transports ions)
• Lipoproteins (transports lipids)
• Steriod-binding proteins (transports steroid hormones like sex hormones)

Question 23

Immunoglobulins

Answer 23

Antibodies, crucial to the defense mechanisms of the body

Question 24

Fibrinogen

Answer 24

• About 7% of plasma proteins

- Functions in blood clotting

Question 25

Regulatory plasma proteins

Answer 25

Polypeptide hormones such as insulin and thyroid stimulating hormones and prolactin

Question 26

More than 90% of plasma proteins are produced here, including albumins, fibrinogens, and most of the globulins

Answer 26

Liver

Question 27

Lymphocytes produce

Answer 27

Immunoglobulins

Question 28

Plasma hormones are produced by

Answer 28

Many different endocrine organs

Question 29

Composition of plasma resembles that of

Answer 29

Interstitial fluid | Differ markedly from those found inside living cells

Question 30

Primary differences between plasma and interstitial fluid

Answer 30

1. Concentration of dissolved proteins: Plasma has circulating plasma proteins that cannot cross walls of blood vessels and thus cannot enter interstitial fluid 2. Levels of respiratory gases: oxygen enters the blood in the lungs and CO2 enters blood from the tissues

Question 31

Formed elements are produced through the process of _______ or ______ which takes place in the bone marrow

Answer 31

- Hemopoiesis | - Hematopoiesis

Question 32

When a hemocytoblast divides, it can either

Answer 32

Replace itself or become committed to a particular pathway, producing myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells

Question 33

Lymphoid stem cells

Answer 33

After birth, some lymphocytes are formed in the bone marrow, but most are formed from lymphoid stem cells in lymphoid tissue

Question 34

Under the influence of erythropoietin, myeloid stem cells

Answer 34

develop into reticulocytes and then erythrocytes (RBC)

Question 35

Under the influence of thrombopoietin, myeloid stem cells

Answer 35

develop into megakaryocytes and then platelets

Question 36

Under the influence of colony stimulating factors, myeloid stem cells

Answer 36

Develop into basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes (WBC)

Question 37

Colony stimulating factors include

Answer 37

1. Macrophage CSF: stimulates production of monocytes/macrophages 2. Granulocytes CSF: stimulates production of granulocytes 3. Granulocyte-macrophage CSF: stimulates production of both granulocytes and monocytes 4. Multi-CSF: Accelerates production of granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes

Question 38

Erythrocytes are derived from

Answer 38

committed stem cells or hemocytoblasts

Question 39

Some hemocytoblasts differentiates within the bone marrow into

Answer 39

common myeloid progenitor cells

Question 40

Some progenitor cells differentiate into _____ and begin synthesizing _____

Answer 40

erythroblasts | hemoglobin

Question 41

After several divisions, the erythroblast loses its nucleus and becomes an

Answer 41

Immature RBC or reticulocytes

Question 42

Reticulocytes leave the bone marrow and enter _____ where

Answer 42

bloodstream | they continues to synthesize hemoglobin

Question 43

Production and destruction of erythrocytes are maintained at an equal rate, thus

Answer 43

if RBC are lost from the circulatory system, the rate of erythropoiesis is increased until the normal erythrocyte number is regained

Question 44

The main controller of the rate of erythropoiesis is

Answer 44

erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone produced mostly in the kidneys, that operates in a negative feedback system

Question 45

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity stimulates

Answer 45

EPO release from the kidney which stimulates development of erythrocytes in bone marrow

Question 46

Shape of erythrocytes

Answer 46

-Flat, disc shaped, indented in the middle on both sides (biconcave)

Question 47

How does shape influence function in erythrocytes?

Answer 47

- Provides large surface area for diffusion of O2 across membrane - Thinness of cell allows for rapid diffusion of O2 between the exterior and interior of the cell - Enables them to bend and flex to travel through the narrow capillaries without rupturing

Question 48

Purpose of hemoglobin

Answer 48

transports O2

Question 49

Hemoglobin consists of

Answer 49

1. Globin portion made of four highly folded polypeptide chains 2. Four iron-containing non-protein heme groups

Question 50

Each of the four iron atoms can bind

Answer 50

reversibly with one molecule of oxygen

Question 51

How many O can a hemoglobin bind?

Answer 51

4

Question 52

Solubility of oxygen in plasma

Answer 52

Poor

Question 53

About ___% of oxygen is carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin

Answer 53

99

Question 54

Oxygenated hemoglobin is referred to as

Answer 54

Oxyhemoglobin

Question 55

The globin portion of hemoglobin binds to CO2 to form

Answer 55

Carbaminohemoglobin

Question 56

Carbaminohemoglobin carries __% of CO2 in blood

Answer 56

23

Question 57

The acidic ion H+ of ionized carbonic acid is generated where? How is it buffered?

Answer 57

- At the tissue level from CO2 | - Hemoglobin, so that it minimally alters the pH of the blood