Lecture 3: Nervous System 3 Cont Flashcards

1
Q

More ____ is going to be going outside the cell than _____ going into the cell

A

K

Na

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2
Q

Equilibrium potential for K is

A

-90mV

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3
Q

Equilibrium potential for Na is

A

+60mV

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4
Q

At resting potential is Na or K at equilibrium?

If not, what direction do they leak?

A

Nope
K into the cell
Na out of the cell

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5
Q

What counterbalances the leakage of Na and K across the membrane?

A

The Na/K pump

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6
Q

What is responsible for the electrical property of the membrane?

A

The unequal distribution of a few key ions between the ICF and the ECF and their selective movement across the plasma membrane

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7
Q

Permeability of the axon membrane to Na and K is regulated by ____, which open in response to _______

A

gates

stimulation

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8
Q

Two stages of net diffusion of Na and K

A
  1. Na moves into the axon

2. K moves out

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9
Q

Ion channels are made of

A

integral membrane proteins

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10
Q

Ion channels are selective, meaning

A

they only permit the passage of certain ions

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11
Q

Ion channels are controlled by

A

gates which open or close the channels

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12
Q

Three types of gates

A

Voltage-gated
Ligand-gated
Modality-gated

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13
Q

Ligand-gated

A

A chemical binds to the gate, opening the channel

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14
Q

Voltage-gated

A

Controlled by changes in the membrane potential

Activation gate opened by the depolarization of nerve cell membrane

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15
Q

Example of a voltage-gated ion channel

A

Na+

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16
Q

Modality-gated ion channel

A

Specialized structures that transform the energy of a specific, local stimulus into action potentials

17
Q

4 examples of modality-gated ion channels

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Chemoreceptors
  4. Nociceptors
18
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

sensing touch, stretch, and pressure

19
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Sensing taste, smell, and specific chemicals such as O2 and H+

20
Q

Changes in the membrane potential can take two basic forms:

A

Graded potentials

Action potential

21
Q

Graded potentials

A

Local changes in resting membrane potential that travel in a decremental fashion and does not reach the initiation segment

22
Q

Why are local potentials called graded potentials?

A

Because they vary from large to small depending on the stimulus strength or frequency

23
Q

Temporal summation

A

Increased frequency of stimulation can cause two or more local potentials to combine

24
Q

Local potentials occur most often where?

A
  • In dendrites and cell bodies of neurons

- Near the sites where the neurons innervate muscle cells

25
Q

What is the basic mechanism for transmission of information in the nervous system and in all types of muscle

A

Action potential

26
Q

Threshold potential

A

When a local potential depolarizes to this point, it will cause an action potential

27
Q

Polarization

A

The membrane has potential

There is a separation of opposite charges

28
Q

Depolarization

A

Process of making the membrane potential less negative

Also referred to as a decrease in potential

29
Q

Repolarization

A

Return of the membrane to resting potential after having been depolarized.
Also referred to as an increase in potential

30
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

The process of making the membrane potential more negative than the resting potential

31
Q

Refractory period

A
  • Period during which another action potential cannot be elicited from an excitable cell. Can be absolute or relative.
  • Ensures the unidirectional propagation of the action potential down the axon, away from the initial site of activation
32
Q

What kind of response does an action potential have?

A

All or nothing

33
Q

An action potential is inevitable once

A

the membrane is depolarized to threshold

34
Q

Action potential propagation - does the original action potential travel along the membrane?

A

Nope, instead it triggers an identical new action potential in the adjacent area of the membrane.
It is non-decremental

35
Q

Two types of action potential propagation

A
  1. Local current flow

2. Saltatory conduction

36
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Action potential “jumps” between the nodes of Ranvier

37
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Places in the fibers that are not covered in the myelin sheath. Sodium channels are concentrated here.