Lecture 2: Nervous System 1 cont, 2, and 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Two major efferent systems:

A

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

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2
Q

The SNS innervates _____ _____, which is under ______ control.

A

skeletal muscle

voluntary

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3
Q

Cell bodies of the SNS lie in

A

the CNS

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4
Q

SNS axons extend

A

into the periphery to innervate one or more neuromuscular junctions

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5
Q

The ANS is under ______ control and innervates

A

involuntary

all peripheral effectors that is not skeletal muscle

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6
Q

Axons of ANS motor neurons inside the CNS synapse where?

A

On neurons in the peripheral autonomic (motor) ganglia

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7
Q

Ganglionic neurons of the ANS control

A

peripheral effectors

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8
Q

Preganglionic fibers

A

Part of the ANS

Axons that extend from the CNS to a ganglion

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9
Q

Postganglionic fibers

A

Part of ANS

Axons connecting ganglionic cells with the peripheral effectors

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10
Q

The basic structural unit of the nervous system is the

A

Neuron

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11
Q

Three parts of a neuron

A
  • Cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
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12
Q

Cell bodies

A
  • Contains the nucleus and other organelles

- Serves as the nutritional center of the neuron

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

Cytoplasmic extensions that receive stimuli and conduct impulses to the cell body

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14
Q

Axon (nerve fiber)

A

Conducts impulses away from the cell body

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15
Q

Axon arises from

A

a thickened region of the cell body called the axon hillock

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16
Q

Action potentials first appear

A

at the initial segment of the axon

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17
Q

Collaterals

A

Branches along the length of the axon

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18
Q

Collaterals enable a single neuron to

A

communicate with several other cells

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19
Q

The main axon trunk and collaterals end in

A

fine extensions called telodendria

20
Q

Synaptic knobs (terminal button)

A

Located at the tips of the telodendria, they form synaptic connections with other cells

21
Q

Communication between cells at synapse most often involves the release of ______ by the ______ _____

A

neurotransmitters

Synaptic knob

22
Q

Motor end plate

A

specialized portion of the muscle cell membrane immediately under the synaptic knob

23
Q

Four functional segments of the neuron

A
  1. Receptive segment
  2. Initial segment
  3. Conduction segment
  4. Transmissive (Effector) segment
24
Q

Receptive segment of neuron

A
  • Receives and processes synaptic inputs from numerous other neurons.
  • Resolutions of these processes will be passed on to the next segment only if it is sufficiently stimulated
25
Q

Initial segment of neuron

A

The trigger zone of the neuron, where processed neural information from the receptive segment is converted to a nerve impulse (action potential).

26
Q

The initial segment of a neuron has a _____ threshold because it has many _____ channels

A

low

sodium

27
Q

Conduction segment of neuron

A

Conveys the results of neural processing of receptive segment via nerve impulses to the terminal segment

28
Q

Transmissive (Effector) segment of neuron

A

Contains axon terminals that convert the stimulation of the nerve impulse to release chemical neurotransmitters at its synapses, which exert influences upon receptor sites of an effector cell

29
Q

The two types of transport systems that carry materials from the cell body to the axon terminals and back:

A

Slow axonal transport (axoplasmic flow)

Fast axonal transport

30
Q

Slow axonal transport is a ____-way transport away from cell body

A

one

31
Q

How fast is slow axonal transport?

A

moves 1-5mm/day

32
Q

Bulk of the movement in slow axonal transport is in

A

the axoplasm

33
Q

Slow axonal transport is accompanied by

A

peristaltic waves of the axon membrane

34
Q

Purpose of slow axonal transport

A

to supply materials necessary to maintain axons and dendrites.

35
Q

Does slow axonal transport require ATP?

A

Yes

36
Q

Fast axonal transport speed

A

400-2000 mm/day

37
Q

What does fast axonal transport move?

A

Varies organelles and materials that form the membranes of the axolemma, synaptic bulbs, and synaptic vessels away from the cell bodies.
Also transports acetylcholinesterase

38
Q

Does fast axonal transport require ATP?

A

Yes

39
Q

Kinesin

A

transport protein for moving material along microtubules, from the cell body to the axonal terminal (anterograde transport)

40
Q

Retrograde flow

A

When cells are returned to the cell body to be recycled or degraded

41
Q

When can retrograde flow be detrimental?

A

It can carry the rabies virus and the tetanus toxin into the CNS, producing potentially fatal results

42
Q

Transport protein for retrograde flow?

A

dynein

43
Q

What is the membrane potential and what is it measured in?

A

The separation of charges across a membrane.

Measured in millivolts (mV)

44
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

potential for electrical activity along the plasma membrane of a resting neuron

45
Q

What two major factors contribute to the resting membrane potential?

A
  • The distribution of ions across a membrane

- The relative permeability of the membrane to Na- and K+

46
Q

In a resting neuron, the membrane permeability to __ is about 50 to 100 times greater than it is to __

A

K

Na