Lecture 23: ECG 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What do recording electrodes detect?

A

A small portion of the electrical activity that has reached the body surface

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2
Q

ECG

A

The graphic record of the electrical activity that reaches the surface of the body as a result of cardiac depolarization and repolarization

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3
Q

Where can electrodes be placed to record the electrical activity of the heart

A

Anywhere on the surface of the body, however waves will look differently on left vs right

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4
Q

Why do waves look different on left versus right?

A
  1. There is a positive deflection on the ECG when a wave of depolarization moves towards a positive electrode
  2. A negative deflection when a wave of depolarization moves away from a positive electrode
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5
Q

What waves do electrodes record?

A

Depolarization and repolarization

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6
Q

What are used to monitor electrical forces in the heart?

A

ECG leads (sets of reference electrodes)

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7
Q

What depend on how the electrical forces align to the leads of the ECG recording

A

direction, magnitude, and deflections

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8
Q

Lead

A

When an ECG machine is connected between recording electrodes at two points on the body, the specific arrangement of each pair of connections

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9
Q

What is the right leg electrode used for?

A

An electrical ground, NOT for measurement

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10
Q

The standard ECG consists of how many leads?

A

12

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11
Q

Each lead views the heart at a

A

Unique Angle (Angle of Orientation)

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12
Q

What are the locations of the 12 leads?

A

6 are limb, 6 are precordial (chest)

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13
Q

In vet med, what leads are used most frequently

A

The three limb standard leads

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14
Q

How is an electrode designated as positive or negative?

A

Automatically by the ECG machine

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15
Q

The angle of each lead can be determined by

A

Drawing a line from the negative to the positive electrode

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16
Q

Bipolar limb leads

A

One limb electrode is the (+) pole and another is the (-) pole

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17
Q

Augmented (unipolar) limb leads

A
  • Single electrode is chosen as the (+) pole
  • There is no single (-). Rather, all the other electrodes are averaged together to create a composite (-) reference
  • When the active electrode is the RA, LA, or LF, the lead is designated aVR, aVL, or aVF respectively.
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18
Q

What does aV stand for?

A

Augmented voltage

19
Q

Axial Reference System

A

Angles of orientation of limb leads

20
Q

Each ECG electrode records only the ____ _____ ____ at any given moment

A

average current flow

21
Q

Although tiny swirls of current may be going off in every direction, each lead only records

A

the instantaneous average of these forces

22
Q

The average movement of forces is represented by

A

a single arrow or vector

23
Q

Describe ECG paper

A

A long, continuous roll of graph paper, with light and dark lines running vertically and horizontally

24
Q

What do light lines of ecg circumscribe

A

1mm x 1mm

25
Q

What do dark lines of ecg circumscribe

A

5mm x 5mm

26
Q

Horizontal axis of ecg paper measures

A

time (duration)

27
Q

The width of each square represents

A

0.04 seconds

28
Q

The vertical lines measure

A

voltage and amplitude

29
Q

Voltage calibration

A

A 1mV electrical signal will produce a deflection measuring 10 mm

30
Q

Waves that appear on an ECG reflect

A

the electrical activity of myocardial cells which comprise the vast bulk of the heart

31
Q

What generally aren’t seen by the ECG

A

pacemaker activity and transmission by the conducting system

32
Q

Three main characteristics of waves

A
  1. Duration
  2. Amplitude
  3. Configuration
33
Q

Duration

A

measured in fractions of a second

34
Q

Amplitude

A

measured in mV

35
Q

Configuration

A

The shape and appearance of a wave

36
Q

Three things happen to a wave on the ECG when a chamber hypertrophies (enlarges):

A
  1. The chamber may take longer to depolarize, therefore the ecg wave may therefore increase in duration
  2. The chamber may generate more current and thus a larger voltage, therefore the ecg wave may increase in amplitude
  3. A larger percentage of the total electrical current may move through the expanded chamber, therefore the main electrical vector of the ECG wave may shift
37
Q

The first step in determining the rhythm of the heart is to determine the

A

heart rate

38
Q

First vector represents

A

septal depolarization

39
Q

Each successive vector represents

A

progressive depolarization of the ventricles

40
Q

The vectors swing progressively leftward because

A

the electrical activity of the much larger ventricle increasingly dominates the ECG

41
Q

Mean vector

A

The average vector of all instantaneous vectors

42
Q

Mean electrical axis

A
  • The direction of the mean vector

- The average of all the instantaneous vectors that are generated as the ventricles depolarize

43
Q

Each species has a normal range for its mean electrical axis. Therefore values outside this range suggest

A

a myocardial abnormality