Lecture 3: Neurotransmitters cont.

Question 1

ACh: the basal forebrain, made of the ___ and ___, project to ____

Answer 1

medial septal nucleus; nucleus basalis

telencephalic regions

Question 2

ACh: the midbrain region, made up of the ____ and ___, projects to (3)

Answer 2

pedunculepontine nucleus; laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

1. diencephalon
2. pontine and medulary reticular formation
3. cerebellum

Question 3

What is ACh’s role in the sympathetic NS? parasympathetic?

Answer 3

1. preganglionic transmitter

2. pre + postganglionic transmitter

Question 4

what is the postganglionic transmitter in the sympathetic NS?

Answer 4

norepinephrine

Question 5

three major DA systems

Answer 5

1. local circuit in hypothalamus
2. nigrostriatal pathway
3. VTA

Question 6

projection of the nigrostriatal pathway

Answer 6

substantia nigra to caudate nucleus of basal ganglia

Question 7

projection of VTA

Answer 7

cerebral cortex and limbic system

Question 8

2 steps in DA synthesis (+ 2 optional next steps)

Answer 8

1. tyrosine conv to dopa
2. dopa conv to DA
3. DA conv to NE
4. NE conv to epinephrine

Question 9

presynaptic catecholamine receptors (called ___) serve as a ____

Answer 9

1. autoreceptors

2. negative feedback mechanism

Question 10

if autoreceptors are blocked, synthesis and release are ____

Answer 10

increased

Question 11

How is DA/NE transmitter action terminated?

Answer 11

reuptake into presynaptic terminal

Question 12

____ degrades DA and NE in ___

Answer 12

MAO, presynaptic terminals - NTs not in vesicles

Question 13

NE and ep act on which 2 types of receptors?

Answer 13

alpha and beta

Question 14

DA acts on 6 receptors in 2 families: what are they?

Answer 14

D1 type: D1 and D5

D2 type: D2A, D2B, D3, D4

Question 15

cell bodies that generate NE are located in ___, and project to (4)

Answer 15

locus coeruleus

1. forebrain
2. cerebellum
3. brain stem
4. spinal cord

Question 16

serotonin is an ____

Answer 16

indolamine

Question 17

site of action of SSRIs

Answer 17

presynaptic reuptake transporter

Question 18

The 5-HT3 receptor is an ___, while the rest are ____

Answer 18

1. ion channel

2. G-protein coupled second-messenger system

Question 19

the key source of 5HT, ___, projects to (4)

Answer 19

raphe nuclei

1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. basal ganglia
4. cortex

Question 20

____ is the key transmitter in the spinal cord

Answer 20

glycine

Question 21

precursor for serotonin

Answer 21

tryptophan

Question 22

glutamate is ___ bandwidth when acting on ____

Answer 22

high, ionotropic receptors

Question 23

glutamate receptors are found on ___

Answer 23

the surface of most neurons

Question 24

precursor for GABA & enzyme involved

Answer 24

glutamate, glutamatic acid decarboxylase (GAD)

Question 25

why can glutamate cause excitotoxicity?

Answer 25

permeability of NMDA ion channel to Ca2+

Question 26

three ionotropic GluRs

Answer 26

1. AMPA 2. NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) 3. kainate

Question 27

NMDA and AMPA control ___

Answer 27

fast excitatory synaptic transmission

Question 28

ketamine and PCP are ____ at the ____ receptor

Answer 28

non-competitive antagonists | NMDA

Question 29

NMDAR is unique in that it is ___

Answer 29

dually-gated

Question 30

two conditions for dual-gated NMDAR

Answer 30

1. ligand must be bound to receptor (ligand-dependent) | 2. membrane containing receptor must be strongly depolarized (voltage-dependent)

Question 31

two types of GABA receptors

Answer 31

GABAA, GABAB

Question 32

GABAa receptors are ___acting ___channels permeable to ___

Answer 32

fast ion Cl-

Question 33

influx of Cl- leads to ___, ___excitability

Answer 33

hyperpolarization, reducing

Question 34

steps of GABA breakdown

Answer 34

1. GABA 2. glutamate 3. glutamine

Question 35

steps of GABA synthesis

Answer 35

1. glutamine -> glutamate (glutaminase) | 2. glutamate -> GABA (GAD)

Question 36

GAD

Answer 36

glutamatic acid decarboxylase

Question 37

opioid NTs are ___

Answer 37

opioid-type peptides

Question 38

3 sites opiates agonize/activate

Answer 38

1. mu 2. kappa 3. delta

Question 39

the ___ receptor mediates analgesic and reinforcing properties of opiates

Answer 39

mu

Question 40

Substance P is a ___ peptide that plays an important role as a ___

Answer 40

``` gut-brain peptide sensory NT (cause pain) ```