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Psychopharmacology > Lecture 10: Caffeine and Nicotine > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Caffeine and Nicotine Flashcards

1
Q

Average caffeine content of coffee

A

100mg (50-150)

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2
Q

Potential energy drink caffeine content

A

320mg

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3
Q

how soon are significant blood levels of caffeine reached?

A

30-45 min

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4
Q

complete absorption time for caffeine

A

90 min

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5
Q

time of peak plasma level of caffeine

A

2 hours

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6
Q

half life of caffeine

A

6 hours (2.5-19)

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7
Q

what type of kinetics does caffeine have?

A

1st order

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8
Q

what enzyme metabolizes caffeine? where?

A

CYP-1A2, liver

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9
Q

caffeine ___ the ___ enzyjme, which is also responsible for metabolizing ___

A

induces, CYP-1A2, clozapine & olanzapine

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10
Q

genetic basis for slow vs. fast caffeine metabolizers?

A

isoenzyme differences in CYP-1A2

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11
Q

____ also induces CYP-1A2 enzyme

A

tobacco smoke

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12
Q

___ are potent CYP-1A2 inhibitors

A

SSRIs

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13
Q

caffeinism

A

severe anxiety reaction

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14
Q

3 things caffeine can help treat

A

asthma
narcolepsy
migraines

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15
Q

4 behavioral effects of low doses of caffeine

A
  1. mental alertness
  2. wakefulness
  3. reduced fatigue
  4. delicate muscular coordination hurt
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16
Q

5 harmful effects of heavy caffeine consumption

A
  1. agitation
  2. anxiety
  3. tremors
  4. rapid breathing
  5. insomnia
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17
Q

lethal dose of caffeine

A

10 g (100 cups)

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18
Q

french press coffee increases___

A

blood cholesterol levels and increased risk of coronary artery diseases

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19
Q

2 peripheral effects of caffeine

A
  1. increases cardiac contractility and cardiac output

2. dilates coronary arteries, providing more oxygen to heart

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20
Q

5 pharmacological effects of caffeine

A
  1. constricts cerebral blood vessels (30% less blood flow to brain)
  2. anti asthmatic
  3. increased gastric acid secretion
  4. increased urine
  5. lowers risk of type ii diabetes (possibly weight loss)
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21
Q

caffeine is a ___. how does it work?

A

adenosine receptor antagonist

blocks adenosine effect (adenosine levels rise throughout day promoting sleep). adenosine stimulates GABA neurons

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22
Q

caffeine indirectly stimulates ___. where?

A

dopaminergic activity

PFC

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23
Q

pregnant women who drank 8+ cups a day had increased risk of ___

A

stillbirth

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24
Q

reasonable doses of caffeine in pregnant women can cause ___

A

modest fetal growth restriction

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25
Q

8 withdrawal effects of caffine

A
  1. headache
  2. tiredness
  3. lack of concentration
  4. anxiety
  5. irritability
  6. increased muscle tension
  7. depression
  8. nausea
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26
Q

when does caffeine withdrawal start? peak?

A

12-24 hours; 20-48 hours

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27
Q

psychiatrically ill nicotine dependent people consume ___ of all cigarettes smoked

A

70%

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28
Q

nonsmokers live ___ longer than heavy smokers

29
Q

___ of all people who have ever smoked have quit

30
Q

where is nicotine absorbed?

A
  1. lungs
  2. mucosa
  3. skin
  4. GI tract
31
Q

how is nicotine from cigarettes distributed?

A

suspended in tars; rapidly absorbed into and satures bloodstream; blood to brain saturated with nicotine, accounting for rush

32
Q

nicotine is metabolized by ___

33
Q

companies have increased smoke nicotine yield by ___ over the past 7 years

34
Q

primary metabolite of nicotine

35
Q

what causes fluid retention in nicotine?

A

stimulation of hypothalamus, releasing antidiuretic hormone

36
Q

what leads to muscle relaxation in nicotine?

A

reduces activity of afferent nerve fibers coming from muscles

37
Q

how does nicotine lead to weight loss?

A

reduction in appetite; altered taste bud sensitivity

38
Q

exposure to cues related to cig smoking increase activation in (3)

A

PFC, OFC, anterior insula

39
Q

damage to what area leads to ability to easily quit smoking?

40
Q

nicotine’s reinforcing action

A

activation of midbrain DA neurons

41
Q

what is the effect of nicotine on atherosclerotic coronary arteries?

A

cannot dilate; leads to angina or heart attack due to cardiac ischemia (lack of oxygen)

42
Q

4 effects of nicotine on body

A
  1. increase heart rate
  2. increase blood pressure
  3. increase cardiac contractility
  4. initiates vasodilation (increases blood flow to meet increased oxygen demand of heart)
43
Q

almost all effects of nicotine achieved by activating ___

A

nicotinic receptors

44
Q

4 nicotinic receptor effects on PNS

A
  1. increased bp
  2. increased hr
  3. epinephrine release from adrenal glands
  4. increased GI tract activity
45
Q

where are nicotinic receptors located in CNS? (3)

A 
presynaptic nerve terminals of
1. DA
2. ACh
3. glutamate
secreting neurons
46
Q

nicotine DA release increases in (2), leading to (4)

A
  1. NA
  2. forebrain
  3. behavioral reinforcement
  4. stimulant
  5. antidepressant
  6. addictive properties
47
Q

nicotine ACh increase contributes to (2)

A
  1. cognitive potentiation

2. memory facilitation

48
Q

nicotine glu increase contributes to ___

49
Q

nicotine may delay onset of ___

A

cognitive deficits in alzheimers

50
Q

___ americans die per year as consequence of nicotine addiction

51
Q

9 symptoms of nicotine withdrawal

A
  1. craving
  2. irritability
  3. anxiety
  4. anger
  5. concentration probs
  6. restlessness
  7. impatience
  8. increased appetite/weight gain
  9. insomnia
52
Q

a person who smokes 2 packs a day for 20 years loses…

A

13-14 years of life

53
Q

total economic toll due to nicotine

54
Q

carbon monoxide in smoke can __

A

decrease amount of oxygen to heart

55
Q

what can smoking due to coronary arteries?

A

increased incidence of atherosclerosis (narrowing) and thrombosis (clotting)

56
Q

smoking greatly increases risk of ___ in lungs

A

emphysema

chronic obstructure pulmonary disease

57
Q

is nicotine carcinogenic?

A

no, but may promote tumor growth

58
Q

3 effects of smoking during pregnancy

A
  1. small fetus or preterm birth
  2. asthma
  3. reduces oxygen delivery to fetus, causing fetal hypoxia
59
Q

how does varenicline work?

A

partial nicotine receptor agonist

60
Q

nicotine patches ___ rate of long term smoking cessation

61
Q

nicotine gum increases cessation rate by ___

62
Q

compliance is highest for ___

A

patch, gum, inhaler/nasal spray

63
Q

wellbutrin and nortripyline ___ chance of quitting

64
Q

are SSRIs effective for quitting smoking?

65
Q

what is strattera?

A

NE reuptake inhibitor, reduces cravings

66
Q

is chantix or wellbutrin more effective in quitting?

67
Q

how does chantix work to reduce smoking?

A
  1. reduces withdrawal
  2. low level release of dopamine
  3. blocks nicotine’s access toreceptors
68
Q

side effects of chantix

A
  1. nausea
  2. depression
  3. agitation
  4. suicide
69
Q

how do anti nicotine vaccines work?

A

induce sufficient antibodies to sequester nicotine and keep it from entering brain, but effective only in people who produce high levels of antibodies

Psychopharmacology (22 decks)

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