Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychopharmacology > Lecture 17: Opioid Analgesics > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Opioid Analgesics Flashcards

1
Q

two types of chronic pain

A
  1. nociceptive

2. neuropathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nociceptive pain

A

caused by tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

processes that increase or decrease nociception are __ or ___

A

pronociceptive or antinociceptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

neuropathic pain

A

caused by a lesion or dysfunction of NS; characterized by increased sensitivity (hyperalgesia) to pain-producing or innocuous stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

laudanum

A

opium + alcohol; used to relieve diarrhea, cough, pain, produce sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

rate of abusing prescription pain drugs is ___

A

second only to marijuana abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

opium

A

dried exudate of opium poppy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

opiate

A

drug extracted from opium, mainly morphine and codeine (+thebaine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

opioid

A

any exogenous drug that binds to an opiate receptor, produces agonistic morphine-like effects, and is blocked by opiate antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

semisynthetic opioids

A

come from opiates (e.g. heroin from morphine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

synthetic opioids

A

come from precursor compounds (e.g. methadone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4 naturally occuring alkaloids from poppy

A
  1. morphine
  2. codeine
  3. thebaine
  4. papaverine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 main opiate receptors

A
  1. mu
  2. kappa
  3. delta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what activates mu?

A

endorphin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what activates delta?

A

enkephalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what activates kappa?

A

dynorphin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

three endogenous opiates

A
  1. endorphin
  2. enkephalin
  3. dynorphin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how many membrane spanning regions and amino acids in a GPCR?

A
  1. 7

2. 400

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what channel does cAMP activate? what is the effect?

A

HCN channel (non selective cation channel, opened by hyperpolarization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do opioids do to adenylyl cyclase? what is the effect?

A

inhibit it; causes the cell to hyperpolarize. net inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the main location of mu receptors?

A

periaqueductal gray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

7 areas mu receptors are

A
  1. periaqueductal gray
  2. spinal trigeminal nucleus
  3. caudate
  4. thalamus
  5. dorsal horn of spinal cord
  6. brain stem nuclei that control respiration
  7. nucleus accumbens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

prototypical mu receptor agonist

A

morphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what receptors does morphine act on?

A

agonizes mu, kappa, and delta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what receptors does naloxone act on?
antagonist at mu, kappa, and delta
26
what receptors does fentanyl act on?
agonist at mu, kappa, and delta
27
7 areas kappa receptors are in
1. basal ganglia 2. nucleus accumbens 3. VTA 4. cerebral cortex 5. hypothalamus 6. periaqueductal gray 7. dorsal horn of spinal cord
28
5 effects of kappa receptors
1. modest analgesia 2. respiratory depression 3. dysphoria 4. disorientation 5. depersonalization
29
kappa receptors may antagonize ___
mu receptor activity
30
bremazocine
kappa receptor agonist; more analgesic than morphine w/o euphoria, dependence, and respiratory depression. limited by perceptual side fx
31
2 effects of delta receptor stimulation; why?
1. antidepressant 2. anxiolytic increase levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which are reduced during high stress or depression
32
3 synthetic opioids
1. methadone 2. meperdine 3. fentanyl
33
morphine is __ more potent than codeine
10x
34
heroin is ___ as potent as morphine
4-5x
35
codeine is converted to ___
morphine
36
when is endorphin released? (5)
1. exercise 2. excitement 3. pain 4. sex 5. spicy food
37
where are nociceptors located?
dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord
38
nociceptors have ___ axons
bidirectional
39
where do bidirectional nociceptors relay pain impulses?
to synapse in dorsal horn of spinal cord, and then to brain
40
activation of opioid receptors causes ___ of neurotransmission due to ___
1. reduction/inhibition | 2. presynaptic inhibition of NT release
41
what NT is inhibited in spinal cord?
substance P
42
what NT is inhibited in VTA?
GABA (disinhibits DA release)
43
4 methods of mediation of analgesic effects
1. activation of inhibitory endorphine-secreting or GABA-secreting neurons in dorsal horn of spinal cord 2. activation of descending inhibitory neurons from brain to spinal cord 3. modulation of central processing of pain stimuli (reduces sensory and affective aspects of pain) 4. presynaptic inhibition of nociceptive afferent sensory neurons (inhib release of subst P in dorsal horn)
44
mixed agonist-antagonist
binds to opioid receptors esp kappa; causes analgesia in non-opioid-dependent people, but may precipitate withdrawal in opioid-dependent persons
45
4 pure agonists
morphine heroin demerol (meperidine) methadone (dolophine)
46
2 pure antagonists
naloxone (narcan) | naltrexone (vivitrol)
47
3 partial agonists
1. buprenorphene (suboxone) 2. tramadol (ultram) 3. tapentadol (nucynta)
48
3 medical uses of opiates
1. analgesia 2. suppression of cough 3. GI symptoms
49
6 other effects of opiates
1. euphoria 2. resp depression 3. nausea 4. sedation/anxiolysis 5. pupillary constriction 6. endocrine effects
50
how is morphine put into spinal fluid?
delivered directly via implanted subcutaneous pump and intrathecal catheter
51
cause of morphine euphoria
activation of NAc
52
cause of drive to resume morphine use
cannabinoid system
53
___ can block compulsion for drug use
cannabinoid receptor antagonist
54
how does morphine suppress cough?
suppression of cough center in brain system
55
why does morphine cause nausea?
stimulation of medulla's chemoreceptor trigger zone
56
how does morphine reduce GI symptoms?
acts directly on intestine
57
endocrine effects of morphine
reduce sex hormone releasing agents from hypothalamus
58
what pathway is necessary for initiation of opioid psychological dependence?
mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway (VTA to NAc)
59
the way morphine increases dopamine to NAc
binds to mu in VTA, inhibiting GABA | disinhibits DA neurons in VTA
60
codeine is usually combined with ___
aspirin or acetaminophen
61
codeine duration of action
three-four hours
62
___ or 6 SSRI antidepressants can block ___. why?
4 pain relief of codeine block conversion of codeine to morphine
63
why does heroin have more psychoactive effects than morphine?
more lipid soluble; quickly passes BBB
64
3 metabolites of heroin
1. monoacetylmorphine 2. morphine 3. codeine
65
what is heroin derived from?
morphine
66
demerol
synthetic opioid structurally different from morphine, prescribed as subst drug for heroin addicts
67
demerol potency
1/10 of morphine
68
4 excitatory side effects of demerol. why?
1. tremors 2. delirium 3. hyperreflexia 4. convulsions metabolite of meperdine causes CNS excitation
69
2 benefits of methadone
1. oral absorption | 2. long half life
70
two uses of methadone
1. prevention of w/d in opioid dependent persons | 2. long acting analgesic for chronic pain
71
5 uses of naloxone
1. opioid reversal 2. treatment of alcoholism to reduce craving 3. may reduce opioid craving 4. treatment of autism, self-injurious behaviors, BPD 5. chronically block opioid euphoria
72
tolerance to opioids dont have cross tolerance to ___
sedative-hypnotics
73
2 reasons withdrawal occurs
1. reduced DA in nucleus accumbens | 2. increased NE release from locus coeruleus
74
4 treatments for opioid dependence
1. agonist maintenance therapy (methadone) 2. agonist-antagonist therapy (suboxone) 3. antagonist therapy (naltrexone) 4. treatment of comorbid disorders

Psychopharmacology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions