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Psychopharmacology > Lecture 2: Neurons, Synapses, and NTs > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Neurons, Synapses, and NTs Flashcards

1
Q

8 parts of limbic system

A
  1. hippocampus
  2. fornix
  3. amygdala
  4. septal nuclei
  5. parts of diencephalon
  6. cingulate cortex
  7. orbitofrontal cortex
  8. parahippocampal cortex
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2
Q

3 functions of limbic system

A
  1. regulations of autonomic and endocrine function esp in response to emotional stimuli
  2. set level of arousal, motivation and reinforcing behavior
  3. particular types of memory
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3
Q

2 main areas of limbic system

A
  1. cortical regions

2. subcortical regions

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4
Q

2 areas in cortical regions (+4)

A
  1. hippocampus

2. neocortex (insular cortex, orbital frontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus)

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5
Q

5 parts of subcortical portions

A
  1. olfactory bulb
  2. hypothalamus
  3. amygdala
  4. septal nuclei
  5. thalamic nuclei
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6
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all neurons in body located outside brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

two parts of PNS

A
  1. somatic

2. autonomic

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8
Q

2 parts of somatic division, purposes, and utilized NT

A
  1. cranial & spinal nerves
  2. convey sensory info to CNS, and motor info from CNS to muscles
  3. uses ACh
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9
Q

autonomic function

A

enables CNS to govern workings of internal organs

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10
Q

parts of autonomic

A
  1. sympathetic (fight or flight)

2. parasympathetic (rest and digest or feed and breed)

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11
Q

Golgi method

A

randomly stains ~1% of cells black (cell bodies and dendrites)

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12
Q

Nissl stain

A

labels soma but not dendrites or axons

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13
Q

what triggers Ca2+ influx?

A

Na+ influx

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14
Q

7 types of synaptic connections

A
  1. dendrodendritic
  2. axodendritic
  3. axoextracellular
  4. axosomatic
  5. axosynaptic
  6. axoaxonic
  7. axosecretory (ends on tiny blood vessel)
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15
Q

2 types of amines

A
  1. quaternary

2. monoamines

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16
Q

1 quaternary amine

A

ACh

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17
Q

2 types of monoamines

A

catecholamines: NE, adrenaline, DA
indoleamines: serotonin

18
Q

3 amino acids

A

GABA, glutamate, glycine

19
Q

1 type of neuropeptide

A

opioid peptides

20
Q

3 types of opioid peptides

A
  1. enkephalins (met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin)
  2. endorphines: beta endorphin
  3. dynorphins: dynorphin A
21
Q

5 types of peptides

A

oxytocin, substance P, cholecystokinin (CCK), vasopressin, hypothalamic-releasing hormones

22
Q

2 types of gases

A

nitric oxide, carbon monoxide

23
Q

breakdown of ACh

A

breakdown to acetate and choline by acetylcholine esterase

24
Q

5HT and NE reuptake are blocked by most ___

25
Q

DA reuptake is blocked by ___

A

bupropion, cocaine, amphetamine

26
Q

glutamate breakdown

A

reuptake into adjacent glial cells, converted to glutamine, returned to presyn cell

27
Q

3 alt groupings of NTs

A
  1. small-molecule transmitters
  2. peptide transmitters
  3. transmitter gases
28
Q

3 types of small-molecule transmitters & synthesis source

A

synth from dietary nutrients, packaged ready for use in axon terminals

  1. quaternary amine
  2. monoamines
  3. amino acids
29
Q

peptide

A

chain of amino acids that act as transmitter or hormone

30
Q

how are peptides synthesized?

A

from mRNA on instructions from DNA

31
Q

7 types of peptides

A
  1. opioids
  2. neurohypophyseals
  3. secretins
  4. insulins
  5. gastrins
  6. somatostatins
  7. corticosteroids
32
Q

characteristics of transmitter gases

A

synth in cells as needed, not stored; easily cross cell membrane (don’t act on external receptors)

33
Q

3 dependent variables in effect of NT transmission

A
  1. receptor
  2. cell properties
  3. circuit
34
Q

inhibition of an excitatory neuron leads to

A

net inhibition

35
Q

inhibition of an inhibitory neuron leads to

A

net excitation (disinhibition)

36
Q

2 important enzymes in ACh synthesis

A
  1. acetyl coenzyme A

2. choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

37
Q

6 nicotinic/muscarinic receptor antagonists

A
  1. nicotine
  2. d-tubocurarine
  3. alpha-bungarotoxin
  4. scopolamine
  5. muscarine
  6. atropine
38
Q

nicotine partial agonist

A

varenicline (champix)

39
Q

3 uses of anticholinesterase

A
  1. agricultural (insecticide)
  2. military (sarin)
  3. medical (cognitive enhancer in aricept, boost neuromuscular function)
40
Q

function of ACh in somatic

A

neuromuscular transmitter

41
Q

function of ACh in autonomic

A

preganglionic transmitter in symp and parasymp

Psychopharmacology (22 decks)

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