Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychopharmacology > Lecture 19: Sedative-Hypnotics > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Sedative-Hypnotics Flashcards

1
Q

first two sleep-inducing agents

A

bromide and chloral hydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what drug was introduced in 1912?

A

phenobarbitol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 drugs introduced in 1950s

A

meprobamate (equanil) and carisoprodol (soma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

first benzo

A

librium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 benzos

A

valium, xanax, ativan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where do most act?

A

GABAa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 nonbenzo BZRAs

A

zolpidem (ambien)
zaleplon (sonata)
eszopiclone (lunesta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 general anesthetics

A

nitrous oxide
halothane
isoflurane
ketamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

5HT1-A agonist

A

buspirone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

BZRA

A

benzodiazepine receptor agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 brain regions associated with anxiety response

A
  1. amygdala
  2. OF cortex
  3. insula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how many beta subunits?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how many alpha subunits?

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how many gamma subunits?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

bicuculline

A

deadly convulsant; competitive antagonist at GABA site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

newer drugs are named by ___

A

receptors they bind to or that underlie major clinical actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

BZRAs include both ___

A

BZs and nonBZs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

BZs act on GABA neurons in ___

A

limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens when GABAergic function is blocked?

A

anxiety, seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does hypofunctional GABAa receptor activity do?

A

sensitizes amygdala to anxiogenic responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the general action of BZs on brain?

A

may reset threshold of amygdala to more normal level of responsiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is an alcohol-induced blakout?

A

drug-induced, reversible, organic brain syndrome (state of bementia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how many barbs between 1912 and 1950?

A

50 different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

half life of barbs

A

3 min - 48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
ultrashort acting barb
thiopental
26
why is thiopental so short?
extremely lipid soluble, crossing BBB rapidly
27
longer acting barb; why?
amobarbital; more water soluble, slower to penetrate CNS
28
are barbs analgesic?
no
29
what do barbs due to REM sleep?
REM sleep and dreaming is suppressed; vivid and excessive dreaming during withdrawal
30
what kind of tolerance produced by barbs?
metabolic: induce enzymes that metabolize them cell: adaptation of neurons to drug presence
31
4 reasons barbs are not widely used
1. lethal in overdose 2. narrow therapeutic range 3. high potential for dependence/abuse 4. dangerous interactions with other drugs
32
4 symptoms of barb withdrawal
1. hallucinations 2. restlessness 3. disorientation 4. life threatening convulsions
33
effects of barbs in pregnancy
possible risk of developmental abnormalities
34
are nonbarb sedative hypnotics safer than barbs?
no
35
methaqualone
quaaludes
36
BZ MoA
GABA agonists, increase chloride ion influx; allosteric modulators that increase GABA binding to GABAa receptor binding site
37
5 uses of BZs
1. anxiolytic 2. anticonvulsant 3. insomnia 4. central muscle relaxants 5. potentiation of CNS depressants (anesthesia)
38
% of dependent users of BZs; comorbid depressive disorders?
10%; 34%
39
peak plasma conc of BZs
1 hour
40
3 negative effects of BZs on elderly
1. dementing 2. depressive 3. increased falls
41
metabolite of diazepam
nordiazepam
42
half life of nordiazepam
60 hours
43
metabolite of lorazepam
glucoronide conjugated metabolite (inactive)
44
2 short acting benzos
1. halcion (triazolam) | 2. xanax (alprazolam)
45
intermediate acting BZ
lorazepam (ativan)
46
2 long acting BZs
1. chlordiazepoxide (librium) | 2. diazepam (valium)
47
6 limits of BZs
1. poorly relieve stress 2. limited anticonvulsant use 3. complicate cog behav therapies (memory/cog problems) 4. dementing 5. rebounding symptoms w withdrawal 6. addictive
48
1mg xanax impairs driving comparable to BAC of ___
0.15
49
ambien half life
2-2.5 hrs
50
sonata half life
1 hour
51
lunesta half life
5-7 hrs
52
Z drugs are more selective for GABARs with ___
a1 subunits
53
3 benefits of BZs
1. safe 2. do not induce metabolic enzymes 3. act only on CNS
54
what kind of memory is impaired with BZs?
episodic memory
55
common users and abusers of BZs
older women | young male drug users
56
benefit of ketamine as anesthetic
doesn't reduce blood pressure
57
ramelteon
selective meltaonin receptor agonist; very modest effect
58
buspar
selective weak 5HT1a agonist
59
what specific risk do barbs have for children?
trigger hyperactivity and learning problems
60
antiepileptic drug problem for pregnancy
higher rates of stillbirth and infant mortality; 7% risk of birth defect

Psychopharmacology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions