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Psychopharmacology > Lecture 12: Psychedelic Drugs > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Psychedelic Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

3 categories of psychedelics

A
  1. true psychedelics
  2. mixed psychedelic-stimulant drugs
  3. abused deliriants
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2
Q

most psych drugs structurally resemble (3)

A
  1. acetylcholine
  2. catecholamines (NE, DA)
  3. indolamines (serotonin)
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3
Q

5 types of psych drugs

A
  1. anti-cholinergic
  2. catecholamine-like
  3. serotonin-like
  4. NMDA eceptor antagonists
  5. opioid kappa receptor antagonists
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4
Q

ex. of anticholinergic psych drug

A

scopolamine

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5
Q

ex. of catecholamine-like psychedelic drug

A

mescaline

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6
Q

ex. of serotonin-like

A

LSD

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7
Q

ex. of glutaminergic NMDA receptor antag

A

PCP, ketamine, DXM

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8
Q

ex. of opioid kappa receptor agonist

A

salvinorin A

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9
Q

MoA of scopolamine

A

muscarinic antagonist

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10
Q

scopolamine category

A

anticholinergic

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11
Q

4 CNS effects of scopolamine

A
  1. sedation
  2. cog impairment
  3. amnesia
  4. delirium
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12
Q

7 PNS effects of scopolamine

A
  1. dry mouth/skin
  2. reduced sweating
  3. increased body temp
  4. dilated pupils
  5. blurred vision
  6. tachycardia
  7. hypertension
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13
Q

8 low dose effects of scopolamine

A
  1. drowsiness
  2. mild euphoria
  3. amnesia
  4. delirium
  5. confusion
  6. dreamless sleep
  7. loss of attention
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14
Q

5 higher dose effects of scopolamine

A
  1. delirium
  2. confusion
  3. stupor
  4. coma
  5. respiratory depression
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15
Q

how long for scopolamine effects to clear

A

36-48 hours

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16
Q

3 catecholamine-like psychedelics

A
  1. mescaline
  2. MDMA
  3. nutmeg
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17
Q

what structural distinctions are present in catecholamine-like psychedelics?

A

metoxy groups

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18
Q

catechol-like psychs exert __ and ___ action

A

stimulant and hallucinogenic

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19
Q

psych actions of catechol occur by augmenting

A

serotonergic neurotransmission; agonists at 5-HT2A postsynaptic receptors

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20
Q

catechol can also be thought of as mixed ___ and ___ agonists

A

DA and 5HT

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21
Q

mescaline comes from ___

A

peyote cactus

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22
Q

mescaline structurally resembles

A

NE

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23
Q

mescaline psych effects due to ___ action at ___

A

agonistic

5HT2A

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24
Q

when administered orally, mescaline is ___ absorbed

A

completely and rapidly

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25
when is significant concentration of mescaline reached?
1-2 hours
26
when are acute psychomimetic states reached from mescaline?
3-4 hours
27
where are the most prominent effects of mescaline?
visual system
28
how long does one dose of mescaline last?
10 hours
29
what pattern on brain does mescaline cause?
hyperfrontal
30
6 effects of mescaline oral dose
1. visual hallucinations 2. anxiety 3. impaired space perception 4. dissolution of ego boundaries 5. sympathomimetic effects 6. hyperreflexia of limbs and tremors
31
at low doses, synthetic amphetamine derivatives are a ___
moderate behavioral stimulant
32
at high doses, synth amphet derivs have __ effect
psychedelic
33
DOM is ___ more potent than mescaline
100x
34
3 toxic reactions to DOM
1. tremors/convulsions 2. prostration 3. death
35
synthetic amphet derivatves last for ___
6-8 hours, hallucinations
36
the pharmacological effects of MDA, MDE (designer psychedelics) imitate ___
mescaline and LSD; mix of catecholamine and serotonin interactions
37
MDA is a metabolite of ___ and is ___ lethal
MDMA; more lethal
38
schedule for AMT and Foxy
1
39
AMT onset and duration
3-4h; 12-24h
40
Foxy onset and duration
1-2h; 3-6h
41
3 neurotoxic effects of MDMA
1. affects brain microvasculature 2. affects white matter maturation 3. damages axons
42
MDMA MoA
reduces serotonin transporter binding; can damage presynaptic sereotonin transporter receptors
43
5 persistent psychiatric effects of MDMA
1. impaired verbal and visual memory 2. impaired decision making/lack of self control 3. panic attacks 4. paranoia 5. depression
44
MDMA acts as a presynaptic releasing agent of (3). it acts as a ___
1. serotonin 2. NE 3. DA competitive reuptake inhibitor
45
6 negative effects of MDMA
1. increased body temp and blood pressure 2. jaw clenching 3. suppressed appetite 4. restlessness 5. impaired gait 6. insomnia
46
what drug blocks fatal response to MDMA?
dantrolene
47
myristicin and elemicin dose
1-2tsp
48
6 effects of myristicin and elemicin
1. confusion/disorientation 2. impending doom 3. depersonalization/unreality 4. euphoria 5. visual hallucinations 6. acute psychotic reactions
49
2 unpleasant side effects of myristicin and elemicin
1. nausea | 2. tremors
50
4 serotonin-like psychedelics
1. LSD 2. DMT 3. bufotenine 4. psilocybin
51
where do 5HT-like exert effects?
5HT2A
52
where does LSD activate receptors? (2)
1. medial PFC | 2. ACC
53
who initially promoted LSD use?
timothy leary
54
LSD first synthesized by ___
albert hoffman
55
oral dose of LSD
25-300 micrograms
56
how fast is LSD absorbed? peak blood levels?
60 min, 3h
57
LSD duration of action
6-8 hours
58
largest amounts of LSD are found in ___
liver
59
LSD is metabolized to __ before excretion
2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD
60
5 physiological effects of LSD
1. slight increase in temp 2. pupil dilation 3. slightly increased HR and BP 4. dizziness/nausea 5. drowsiness
61
lethal dose of LSD
14,000 micrograms
62
8 psychological effects of LSD
1. pupil dilation 2. perceptual alterations 3. alt in thinking, emotion, self image 4. slowed time 5. decreased vigilance and logical thought 6. loss of boundaries/fear of fragmentation 7. mood can shift from depression to gaiety 8. tension and anxiety
63
how fast does tolerance to LSD go away?
several days
64
lab animals do or do not self administer LSD?
don't
65
5 adverse reactions to LSD
1. chronic psychotic states 2. major affective disorder 3. exacerbation of preexisting mental illness 4. disruption of personality or chronic brain syndrome 5. post hallucinogenic perceptual disorder
66
what part of brain is altered in LSD? what are the effects?
neocortex, which modulates awareness of surroundings and only lets in essential info; LSD opens the filter
67
what is hallucinogenic persisting perception disorder?
long term recurrence of symptoms that appeared during LSD intoxication
68
DMT is structurally related to ___, and binds at ___
serotonin; 5HT2A
69
ayahuasca is combo of ___
harmine and DMT
70
4 negative psych effects of DMT
1. thought disorder 2. paranoia 3. anxiety 4. disorientation
71
3 attractive psychological effects of DMT
1. visual hallucinations 2. loss of control 3. euphoria alt w anxiety
72
how long does DMT last?
30 min
73
bufotenine comes from ___
toad
74
bufotenine mech of action
potent agonist at 5HT2A
75
psilocybin is turned into ___
psilocin, it's a pro drug
76
psilocybin exerts potent action at __ and ___ receptors
5HT2A and 5HT1A
77
3 effects of psilocybin
1. changes in mood/thinking 2. illusions/visual hallucinations 4. impaired ego functioning
78
psilocybin effects peak, duration
2h, 6-10h
79
psilocybin intoxication is comparable to a ___
schizophrenia-like psychosis
80
what is legal x
mix of BZP and TFMPP (benzylpiperazine, 3-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine)
81
TFMPP is a ___ agonist
serotonergic
82
3 NMDA receptor antagonists
PCP ketamine DXM
83
5 PCP effects
1. altered perception 2. disorganized thought 3. cog dysfunction 4. suspiciousness/paranoia 5. confusion
84
how is PCP consumed? (4)
powders, tablets, leaf mixtures, crystals
85
3 ketamine effects
1. amnesia 2. analgesia 3. maintains blood pressure and respiration
86
toxic effect of ketamine
causes persistent schizophrenic symptomatology
87
PCP and ket mechanisms of action (2)
noncompetitive antagonists of NMDA/glut receptors (1) block open channel by occupying site w/in receptor (2) and reduce frequency of opening NMDA channel by binding to a 2nd attachment site outside
88
2 ways ket and PCP exert analgesic action
1. blocking NMDA receptors in spinal cord | 2. activating descending analgesic pathways involving NE and DA
89
smoked PCP leads to peak effects in ___
15 min
90
oral absorption of PCP leads to peak blood levels in ___
2 hours
91
4 NMDA receptor antag low dose effects
1. agitation 2. euphoria 3. disinhibition 4. excitement
92
4 high dose effects of NMDA antag
1. coma 2. stupor 3. seizures 4. resp depression
93
side fx/toxicity of NMDA antag (4)
1. severe anxiety 2. panic 3. paranoia 4. rage
94
4 treatments for PCP and ket OD
1. minimize sensory input 2. charcoal (binds to PCP in stomach and prevents absorp) 3. physical restraint 4. sedation with benzos or AAP
95
MoA of DXM
blockade of NMDA receptors
96
7 side effects of DXM
1. tachycardia 2. hypertension 3. sleepiness 4. slurred speech 5. disorientation 6. tremors 7. psychosis
97
how long does salvia last?
several min to 1 hour
98
the effect of salvia is comparable to ___
psilocybin mushrooms
99
effective dose of salvia
200-500 micrograms
100
salvia binds only to ___
k opioid receptor
101
bath salts act like ___ on DAT
cocaine
102
4 effects of flakka
1. murderous rage 2. paranoia 3. ultraviolence 4. running around screaming

Psychopharmacology (22 decks)

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