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103 Theme 3 > Lecture 3: How the CVS Fails > Flashcards

Lecture 3: How the CVS Fails Flashcards

1
Q

what happens during haemorrhagic stroke

A

cerebral blood vessel rupture, bleeding in the brain

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2
Q

what happens during ischaemic stroke

A

cerebral blood vessel blockage

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3
Q

how does the endothelium control vasodilation

A

releasing NO

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4
Q

what is an acute myocardial infarction and how it is caused

A
  • a region of heart tissue that is dying or dead

- caused by blocked coronary artery

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5
Q

what is plaque rupture

A
  • when the fibrous cap of a plaque bursts open

- platelets try to fill in the gap, causing a thrombus or embolism

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6
Q

what happens as response to acute myocardial infarction

A
  • sympathetic nervous system releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • in response to pain and haemodynamic abnormalities
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7
Q

what causes pulmonary oedema and what are the symptoms

A
  • left heart failure
  • dyspnoea
  • orthopnoea
  • hypoxia
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8
Q

what are ascites

A

accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity

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9
Q

what is compensation

A
  • physiological process

- maintaining homeostasis of a physiological function despite stressors or malfunctions

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10
Q

what is decompensated heart failure

A
  • medical emergency

- failure of the heart to maintain adequate blood circulation after vascular disease

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11
Q

what is cardiac remodelling and what can it be inhibited by

A
  • long term growth of cardiac muscle
  • caused by injury
  • ACE inhibitors or spironolactone inhibits it
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12
Q

what is eccentric growth of the ventricles

A

dilation due to volume overload

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13
Q

what is concentric growth of the ventricles

A

thickening of wall due to pressure overload

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14
Q

what is the effect of ADH and where is it secreted from

A
  • causes kidneys to reabsorb water

- secreted from posterior pituitary

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15
Q

what is the effect of aldosterone and where is it secreted from

A
  • causes kidneys to reabsorb more NaCl and therefore H2O

- secreted from adrenal cortex

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16
Q

what does angiotensin II do

A
  • local vasoconstriction
  • increases aldosterone and ADH secretion to increase fluid retention
  • contributes to ventricular hypertrophy and remodelling
17
Q

what is the function and types of diuretic drugs

A
  • loss of fluid at nephron
  • thiazide and thiazide-like
  • loop
  • K+ sparing
18
Q

how do thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics work with example

A
  • eg indapamide

- blocks reabsorption at distal convoluted tubule

19
Q

how do loop diuretics work with example

A
  • eg furosemide

- blocks reabsorption in thick part of loop of Henle

20
Q

how do K+ sparing diuretics work with example

A
  • eg spironolactone

- inhibites aldosterone receptors in cortical collecting duct

21
Q

what does heart failure mean

A

when the cardiac output is insufficient for meeting the needs of the body and lungs

22
Q

what is chronic low output heart failure

A
  • cardiac output is low, usually due to accumulated damage to the heart
  • chronic condition with poor 5 year survival rate
23
Q

what sort of symptoms does left heart failure have and why

A
  • respiratory symptoms
  • right heart pumps into lungs but left atrium is too full
  • increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary circulation
  • leads to congestive heart failure
24
Q

what sort of symptoms does right heart failure have and what can it lead to

A
  • systemic symptoms
  • central venous pressure builds up
  • peripheral oedema
25
Q

what are symptoms of heart failure

A
  • fatigue

- dyspnoea: orthopnoea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

26
Q

what is cardiogenic shock and its treatment

A
  • critically low perfusion due to low cardiac output

- aggressive intravenous fluid and oxygen + airway maintained

27
Q

what is the blood pressure during shock

A

systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg

28
Q

what is the response to the kidney during low cardiac output

A
  • decrease glomerular filtration rate
  • increase central venous pressure
  • increase venous return and preload
29
Q

what are treatments for heart failure

A
  • ACE inhibitors
  • diuretics
  • beta blockers

103 Theme 3 (17 decks)

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